Chapter 4 continued Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Energy Energy Options Environmental Degradation Environmental Equity and Sustainable Development

Nonrenewable Natural Resources The widespread distribution of nonmetallic elements (e.g. sand & gravel, nitrogen, potash, phosphorous, sulfur, etc.) Uneven distribution of metallic minerals Figure 4.9 – diversity of strategic minerals in U.S. Canada, Australia, South Africa and Russia Growing U.S. dependent on imports Mineral supply options: the oceans, improved mining technologies, recycling Figure 4.10: “transmaterialization” – substitution of advanced materials for natural materials Environmental Impacts – use of lower quality ores

Production of Strategic Materials

Changing Consumption of Metals

Energy – U.S. Consumption With 5% of earths population the U.S. uses 25% of global energy

Global Energy Consumption

Per capita energy consumption

Crude Petroleum Production

Crude Petroleum Reserves

Oil Production & Consumption U.S. Growing foreign dependence Figure 4.13 Rise of OPEC Global imbalance in energy demand and supply Pressures to increase domestic output – Alaska, Offshore Future demands and supplies: when will global output peak, and what will be the alternative?

World Trade in Crude Oil

Crude Oil Production & Consumption

Production of Natural Gas

Natural Gas Reserves

World Trade In Natural Gas (Obscures major intranational movements)

Global Coal Production

Coal Reserves

Energy Options Conservation Nuclear Power – Figure 4.23 Geothermal Hydropower Solar Energy Wind Biomass

Environmental Degradation Pollution – air and water Wildlife & habitat preservation Environmental Equity Causes of Decrease

Sources of Air Pollutants Point vs. Non-point sources

Acid Rain Concentrations

Greenhouse Gases & Global Warming

Environmental Equity and Sustainable Development Environmental spillovers of human development Principle of sustainable development –Western concerns with long-run growth and efficiency, externalizing environmental costs –A critique from the Global South – equity and internalizing environmental costs –P last paragraph before summary

Problems of Air pollution, Acid Rain, And Aquifer Depletion

Problems of poverty, Poor land distribution, Lack of rural opportunities, Exploitation of environment by corporate interests, Threatening forests, Polluting water, Creating Urban Air Quality Problems

Problems Of deforestation, Desertification, Overgrazing, Soil erosion, Wildlife extinction

Water supply problems, Overgrazing, Irrigation-induced salinization

Marine pollution, Acid rain, Polluted rivers

Summary Resource problems can be solved by (1) changing societal goals (2) changing consumption patterns (3) changing technology (4) altering population levels Viewing the “food crisis” as socially constructed Nonrenewable resources – shifting from a growth-oriented to a balance-oriented lifestyle