A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CONCEPT «LINKED POPULATION» USED IN THE 2001 CENSUS OF POPULATION IN SPAIN AN APPLICATION TO CATALONIA Joan Alberich Liverpool, 19 June

A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CONCEPT «LINKED POPULATION» SUMMARY Introduction 1 The geographical context The demographical context - The pyramides of population - The population growth - The daily mobility The research 2 Introduction and conceptual framework The Population Census of The recollected information about mobility A critical review of the concept «linked population» 4 The concept of «linked population» An application to Catalonia Conclusions 5

1 INTRODUCTION The geographical context 212,21Density (hab./km 2 ) Population (hab.) ,54Area (km 2 ) Data year 2004 Barcelona I A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CONCEPT «LINKED POPULATION»

Source: 1 INTRODUCTION The demographical context. The pyramids of population II A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CONCEPT «LINKED POPULATION»

1 INTRODUCTION The demographical context. The population growth 1981 = = 106,5 Total population 1986 = = 154,7 Working population 1986 = = 81,15 Student population Source: II A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CONCEPT «LINKED POPULATION»

Movements Source: 1 INTRODUCTION The demographical context. The daily mobility Destination: Same municipality Another municipality 70,6% 29,4% 45,5% 54,5% II A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CONCEPT «LINKED POPULATION»

Source: Our calculation from Minutes / km Time 1 INTRODUCTION The demographical context. The daily mobility 10,74 11,37 12,73 13,35 13,37 14,14 15,87 16,56 20,56 20,91 20,26 20,37 Distance in straight lineDistance by highway II A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CONCEPT «LINKED POPULATION»

2 THE RESEARCH Introduction and conceptual framework Because of increasing mobility, it is not possible to characterize the population by its place of residence. The mobility is an inherent characteristic of the persons: in order to carry out our daily activities ―like to go to work or study, to shopping, to enjoy the time of leisure or the second residence, etc.― we move on a more or less delimited territory. Thus, the hypothesis is that the persons, through their usual mobility, enter in touch in different territories and establish one certain form of linking, according to with the type of activity that they carry out, the time of permanence, etc. Hypothesis A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CONCEPT «LINKED POPULATION» I For this motive, it is necessary to overcome the former concepts of population of fact and population of right, and his substitution for that of “linked population”.

2 THE RESEARCH 1) From the point of view of the population2) From the point of view of the territory 1.a) To determine the "spaces of life" of the people: "to draw" the territory where they make its daily activities, to that they are related from its mobility. 1.b) To establish a typology of the different linking of the persons in the territory from their sociodemographic characteristics. - individual character (sex, age, civil state, level of instruction, relationship with the activity, migratory trajectory…) - characters of the home of what they are part (regime of possession, familiar typology…) Introduction and conceptual framework Objectives 2.a) To determine the number real of people that use a certain territory, independently of its place of residence. 2.b) To surpass asi the old ideas of "population in fact" (« di facto ») and "population of right" (« di jure ») with the estimation of the linked population or the seasonal population. A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CONCEPT «LINKED POPULATION»

The recollected information about mobility a) About daily mobility: the trips between the place of residence and the place of work/study Available information for the first time for the whole Spain For Catalunya, available series of homogeneous information from 1986 Available Information only for the 16-year-old major persons Place of residence Place of work/study Type of transport Number of daily trips Time of displacement Possibility of calculating distances UTM A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CONCEPT «LINKED POPULATION» 3 THE POPULATION CENSUS OF

The recollected information about mobility b) About the mobilty related with the second residence Available information for the first time for the whole Spain Scale of analysis: home. It is not possible to know individual behaviors. We do not know the second residences of the residents abroad. Place of residence Place of 2nd residence Days / year of use Possibility of calculating distances UTM A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CONCEPT «LINKED POPULATION» 3 THE POPULATION CENSUS OF

4 A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CONCEPT «LINKED POPULATION» The concept of «linked population» I INE defines the «linked population» as: «The set of persons with habitual residence in Spain that have some type of habitual links with the municipality, already be because they live there, they work or study, or because, not having there his residence, to be accustomed to stay determinates periods of time (summers, weekends...).» INE also calculates so called «rate of linking», which formula is: Total population Resident population x  … = 100. Total = resident. No linked population. = 200. Total = 2 x resident. Resident = Linked = … A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CONCEPT «LINKED POPULATION» Total population of a municipality: Resident population + Non-resident population (“linked”) Working population Student population Population who has a second residence Total population of a municipality: Resident population + Non-resident population (“linked”) Working population Student population Population who has a second residence INE defines the «linked population» as: «The set of persons with habitual residence in Spain that have some type of habitual links with the municipality, already be because they live there, they work or study, or because, not having there his residence, to be accustomed to stay determinates periods of time (summers, weekends...).»

4 An application to Catalonia II A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CONCEPT «LINKED POPULATION» ,0% 110,0% 120,0% 130,0% 140,0% 150,0% Cantabria Castilla y León Comunidad Valenciana Castilla-La Mancha Catalonia La Rioja Navarra Aragón País Vasco Comunidad de Madrid Galícia Asturias Murcia Extremadura Andalucía Islas Canarias Islas Baleares Ceuta Melilla Spain 140,7% 138,3% 138,0% 133,5% 132,6% 131,3% 131,1% 128,6% 127,1% 126,0% 125,2% 124,4% 124,3% 122,9% 122,1% 121,6% 120,8% 102,1% 101,8% 128,5% Rate of linking Region

An application to Catalonia II A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CONCEPT «LINKED POPULATION»

An application to Catalonia II Linked population (absolut) Great presence of population lin-ked in the coastal band, because all the principal economic and tourist centers of the country are there. The same thing happens in the regional capitals. Great presence of population lin-ked in the coastal band, because all the principal economic and tourist centers of the country are there. Finally, the region of the Pyrenees is another important area of linked population. The same thing happens in the regional capitals. Great presence of population lin-ked in the coastal band, because all the principal economic and tourist centers of the country are there. A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CONCEPT «LINKED POPULATION»

An application to Catalonia II Rate of linking (%) Overvaluation of the second resi-dences, because these tend to be lo-cated in the smallest municipalities. ?! It isn't a good indicator to measure the territorial links of the persons. Need to look for a new indicator. Overvaluation of the second resi-dences, because these tend to be lo-cated in the smallest municipalities. A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CONCEPT «LINKED POPULATION»

5 CONCLUSIONS As it is formulated nowadays, the indicator of “linked populations” is not valid. His principal problem is that there values too much the population linked across the second residences, in opposition to the working or student population. Base problem: it is a question formulated to the household, so that all his members turn out to be like linked. Need to consider the population according to the time of permanency in the municipality of destiny, etc. We are working…

A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CONCEPT «LINKED POPULATION» USED IN THE 2001 CENSUS OF POPULATION IN SPAIN AN APPLICATION TO CATALONIA Joan Alberich Liverpool, 19 June