The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) Timothy J. Schmit NOAA/NESDIS/ORA Advanced Satellite Products Team (ASPT) in Madison, Wisconsin in collaboration with the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) UW-Madison GOES-R Users Conference 1 October 2002

GOES Imagers -- a wide range of applications UW Climate Oceanographic Weather NWP Hydrology/ Land Surface Natural Hazards

Limitations of Current GOES Imagers –Regional/Hemispheric scan conflicts –Low spatial resolution –Missing spectral bands –Eclipse and related outages

The Advance Baseline Imager: ABICurrent Spatial resolution Visible (0.64  m)0.5 km Approx. 1 km All other bands2 kmApprox. 4 km Spatial coverage Full disk4 per hourEvery 3 hours CONUS 12 per hour4 per hour Operation during eclipse YesNo Spectral Coverage bands5 bands

What’s the Advance Baseline Imager: Spatial resolution Visible (0.64  m)0.5 km (14  rad) All other bands2 km (56  rad) Spatial coverageFull disk4 per hour (every 15 min) CONUS (3000 x 5000 km)12 per hour (every 5 min) Operation during eclipseYes LifetimeMean Mission life8.4 years NoiseNEdT (except 13.3  300K Data rate < 15 Megabits-per second (Mbps)

Visible and near-IR channels the proposed ABI

MODIS Bands 1/4/3 (0.65, 0.555, 0.47 μm) “True color” examples from MODIS

IR channels on the current GOES and the proposed ABI UW-Madison/CIMSS

IR channels on the current GOES and the proposed ABI UW-Madison/CIMSS

ABI Bands Current GOES Imagers

MSG/Sounder ABI Bands

Current GOES ImagersMSG/SounderMODIS/MTG/etc ABI Bands These bands will lead to both improved and new products.

ABI

ABI spatial coverage rate versus the current GOES Imager ABI coverage in 5 minutesGOES coverage in 5 minutes The anticipated schedule for ABI will be full disk images every 15 minutes plus CONUS images every 5 minutes.

19 January 2001, 1720 UTC MODIS 0.5 km GOES-8 1 km MODIS 0.25 km MODIS 1 km Lake Effect Snow Bands: Visible

Severe convection: IR windows 25 February 2001 The simulated ABI clearly captures the over-shooting (cold) cloud tops, while the current GOES Imager does not. Images shown in GOES projection. MODIS (1 km) ABI (2 km) GOES-8 (4 km)

(For the standard atmosphere at a 40 degree Local Zenith Angle) Pressure Units:  m and K Weighting Functions for the (12-ch option) IR Channels

Cloud Thermodynamic Phase 21 April, 2001 at 1745 UTC ARM Southern Great Plains Site Kansas Oklahoma Nasiri, Frey, Baum -- IR Cloud Thermodynamic Phase Mixed BTD[8.5-11] and BT[11] consistent with mixed ice and water phase clouds, supercooled water cloud, overlapped clouds

Ice Water Mixed Unknown Cloud Thermodynamic Phase Descriptions If BTD[8.5-11] very positive, or BT[11]cold BTD[8.5-11] very negative or BT[11] warm BTD[8.5-11] and BT[11] consistent with mixed ice and water phase clouds, supercooled water cloud, overlapped clouds SWIR would improve this BTD[8.5-11] and BT[11] do not provide enough information to make phase classification SWIR would improve this Nasiri, Frey, Baum -- IR Cloud Thermodynamic Phase

MODIS Phase Product Ice Water Mixed Unknown MODIS 03 Nov at 17:55 UTC False Color Phase Image RGB = 0.65  m R, 1.6  m  R, 11  m BT (flipped) magenta = ice cloud, yellow = water cloud, green = vegetation, red = snow Clear Snow Nasiri, Frey, Baum -- IR Cloud Thermodynamic Phase

Water versus Ice Clouds

1.38 um and TPW

“pseudo-color” Using the 0.85 um as “green” (MODIS 1,2,3) “true color” Using the 0.55 um as “green” (MODIS 1,4,3) No adjustments have been made to weight the various bands. UW/CIMSS(RGB)

ABI Channel 2 (1.61 um) spectral width was narrowed (was 1.3 to 1.9 um)

1.88  m (or 1.38  m) is helpful for contrail detection Examples from MAS (Chs 2, 10, 16). Contrail detection is important when estimating many surface parameters. There is also interest in the climate change community.

Utility of the 8.5  m band - volcanic cloud detection can be improved by detecting sulfuric acid aerosols (Realmuto et al.). Baran et al. have shown the utility of a channel near 8.2  m to detect sulfuric acid aerosols. - microphysical properties of clouds can be determined. This includes a more accurate and consistent delineation of ice clouds from water clouds during the day or night. - thin cirrus can be detected in conjunction with the 11  m. This will improve other products by reducing cloud contamination. - SST estimates can be improved by a better atmospheric correction in relatively dry atmospheres. - international commonality is furthered as MSG carries a similar channel (8.5 to 8.9  m) as well as MODIS and GLI. - surface properties can be observed in conjunction with the  m channel.

Simulated ABI (11-12 μm) One day after the eruption 20 February 2001, 0845 UTC Volcanic Ash Plume: and μm images UW/CIMSS Simulated ABI ( μm)

(MODIS Bands 1/4/3) “True color” example from MODIS of smoke, cloud and land.

GOES-R and GOES-I/M Simulations of Viejas Fire Using MODIS Data: January 3, 2001 at 1900 UTC Simulated GOES-R: 3.9 micronSimulated GOES-I/M: 3.9 micron GOES-R will allow for improved characterization of fire dynamics GOES-R: 3.9 micron brightness temperaturesGOES-I/M: 3.9 micron brightness temperatures

GOES WFABBA Monitors Rapid Intensification of Wildfires QUEBEC ONTARIOQUEBECONTARIO 6 July :45 UTC 17:45 UTC Quebec 20 June :15 UTC 18:15 UTC 21:15 UTC Rodeo Chediski Rodeo Chediski Smoke Arizona

Utility of the 1.6  m band Daytime cloud detection. This band does not sense into the lower troposphere due to water vapor absorption and thus it provides excellent daytime sensitivity to very thin cirrus. Daytime water/ice cloud delineation. ( used for aircraft routing) Daytime cloud/snow discrimination. Based on AVHRR/3 and MODIS experience.

ABI (1.61  m) Example of MAS 0.66, and 1.61 Visible 1.61 um During the day, the 1.61  m detects clouds that the 0.66  m doesn’t.

5 March Nocturnal Fog/Stratus Over the Northern Plains ABI image (from MODIS) shows greater detail in structure of fog. GOES-10 4 minus 11 μm Difference ABI 4 minus 11 μm Difference Fog UW/CIMSS Both images are shown in the GOES projection. ABI (3.9  m) Based on GOES Imager Ch 2 useful for fog, snow, cloud, and fire detection

Utility of the 0.86  m band Helps in determining vegetation amount, aerosols and for ocean/land studies. Enables localized vegetation stress monitoring, fire danger monitoring, and albedo retrieval. Provides synergy with the AVHRR/3. SCARB_0.85um

Proposed narrow 0.86um channel minimizes atmospheric absorption effects Wide 0.86um channel encounters atmospheric absorption NDVI from AVIRIS (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) Narrow 0.86um Now using high spectral resolution visible/near IR AVIRIS data for ABI band width sensitivity studies. AVIRIS data and tool made available at the 2nd NOAA Hyper-spectral meeting hosted by MIT/LL

Proposed narrow 0.86um channel minimizes atmospheric absorption effects Wide 0.86um channel encounters atmospheric absorption NDVI from AVIRIS (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) Narrow 0.86um Histogram of NDVI differences using the wide and narrow simulated ABI 0.86um bands.The NDVI difference values were computed wrt single wavelength values. The narrow band has half the magnitude of differences than the wide band.

01 September Pre-burning MODIS Detects Burn Scars in Louisiana CIMSS, UW Burn Scars Scars (dark regions) caused by biomass burning in early September are evident in MODIS 250 m NIR channel 2 (0.85 μm) imagery on the 17 th. MODIS Data from GSFC DAAC 17 September Post-burning ABI will allow for diurnal characterizations of burn areas, this has implications for re-growth patterns.

01 September Pre-burning GOES Visible Cannot Detect Burn Scars 17 September Post-burning The GOES visible channel ( μm) does not delineate the burn scars. However, the 0.85 μm channel on MODIS was able to detect the burn scars. This is another reason to include a second visible channel ( μm) on the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI).

ABI um simulated from AVIRIS ABI um Due to it’s location within an absorption band, the 1.38 band will be used to detect (daytime) clouds Notice the selected bandwidth (red) in relation to the rapid increase of transmitted radiance towards wavelengths shorter than 1.38  m.

Utility of the  m band - microphysical properties of clouds can be determined. This includes a more accurate determination of cloud particle size during the day or night. - cloud particle size is related to cloud liquid water content. - particle size may be related to the “enhanced V” severe weather signature. - surface properties can be observed in conjunction with the 8.5, 11.2, and 12.3  m bands. - low level moisture determinations are enhanced with more split windows.

Cloud particle size emerges in high resolution IR window spectra Based on HIS data, ABI Chs 7, 8, & 9 useful for effective radius

ABI-12 (top bars) and MSG/SEVIRI (bottom bars) Channels

ABI Channel 7 (10.35  m) Examples of MAS 0.66, , and um reveal utility of new IR window for seeing through clouds to ice floes

ABI (11.2  m) Based on GOES Sounder Ch 8 The many uses of the longwave infrared window: cloud images and properties, estimates of wind fields, surface properties, rainfall amounts, and hurricane and other storm location.

Satellite-derived winds will be improved with the ABI due to: - higher spatial resolution (better edge detection) - more frequent images (offers different time intervals) - better cloud height detection (with multiple bands) - new bands may allow new wind products (1.38  m?) - better NEdT’s - better navigation/registration Satellite-derived winds

GOES-12 Imager -- Cloud Top Pressure ABI (13.3  m) Based on GOES Sounder Ch 5 and Imager Ch 6 useful for cloud heights and heights for winds

ABI (13.3  m) Based on GOES Sounder Ch 5 useful for cloud heights and heights for winds ClearLow CloudHigh Cloud

AVIRIS data used to investigate ABI bands (AVIRIS is a hyper-spectral imager covering ~0.4 to 2.4 μm) SCAR-B scene of um

SCARB_0.85um

On-board visible calibration - On-board visible calibration was requested by N. Rao. - The NWS requested visible calibration. - Especially important with multiple visible bands. - The vicarious calibrations would be used to check the on- board corrections. - Even for qualitative uses the current GOES visible sensor degrades over time. - On-board GOES imager visible would improve weather images.

Visible images in AWIPS On-board visible calibration would reduce satellite-to-satellite differences

ABI addresses NWS Imager concerns by: increasing spatial resolution - closer to NWS goal of 0.5 km IR scanning faster - temporal sampling improved - more regions scanned adding bands - new and/or improved products enabled Simulations (from MODIS and AVIRIS) of the ABI show that the 12+ channel version addresses NWS requirements for improved cloud, moisture, and surface products. Every product that is being produced from the current GOES imager will be improved with data from the ABI! Plus, ABI will allow exciting new products from geostationary orbit. Summary -- ABI

More information can be found at –GOES Gallery –Biomass Burning –NOAA KLM User's Guide –MSG..System..MSG..Payload..Spectral bands..Spectral bands

Linden_shadow_1.581_1.640um Shadow

Linden_vegetation_0.831_0.889 Vegetation

Linden_0.577_0.696_um

0.537_0.567 um Smoke

Linden_haze_0.439_0.498um Smoke

Linden 2.232_2.291um Fires

ABI Simulations Average 1-km MODIS data to 2-km spacing, apply blurring function (Point Spread Function) Point Spread Function (affects sharpness) GOES Imager (left) and ABI (right) for IR Window PSF data provided by MIT/LL

Acronyms ABI -- Advanced Baseline Imager AGS -- Advanced Geostationary Studies AVHRR -- Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer CIMSS -- Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies GLI -- Global Imager HIS -- High-resolution Interferometer Sounder MAS -- MODIS Airborne Simulator MODIS -- MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectrometer MSG -- Meteosat Second Generation NWS -- National Weather Service GOES -- Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite SEVIRI -- Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infra Red Imager VIRS -- Visible Infrared Scanner

GOES Sounder Total Ozone determinations UW/CIMSS