Indigenous peoples, ethnicity and identities in contemporary censuses: A global perspective source: www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/IPUMSI/enumform.htm * * * Robert McCaa University of Minnesota Population Center rmccaa@umn.edu

Commercial. IPUMS-International www. ipums * Commercial * IPUMS-International www.ipums.org/international Census microdata: 1960-present

What is IPUMS-International What is IPUMS-International? …a global collaboratory of National Statistical Institutes & Universities to: 1. Inventory the world’s census microdata, 1960+ 2. Archive census microdata and documentation * * * 3. Integrate census microdata, 1960+ a. use standards of UNSD, Eurostat, ISCO, ISCED, etc. b. facilitate comparative research in time and space 4. Anonymize census microdata to preserve statistical confidentiality, using highest standards 5. Disseminate restricted access, custom extracts to approved researchers/research projects at no cost

Study any desired set of characteristics. What are “census microdata”?: anonymized, computerized census records of individuals, households & dwellings Person number Sex Age 12100102600700720000011210000104 22200202600700720000011210000104 32300100600700720000012123000000 42300200400700000000000000000000 52300200200700000000000000000000 62300200000700000000000000000000 Study any desired set of characteristics. Easier to integrate than tables. Facilitates comparative research.

IPUMS-International, September 2006 dark green = disseminating medium green = integrating lightest green = talking 66 countries, 59% world's population Mollweide projection

End of Commercial IPUMS-International www.ipums.org/international

Indigenous Peoples in 2000 round censuses (14 countries) Every country with an indigenous peoples question is participating in IPUMS-International, except NZ and AU

Identities in contemporary censuses: questionnaires of 140 countries (97.1% of world pop.) UN Statistics Division Principles and Recommendations: “indigenous peoples”: nothing in 1997; 3 paragraphs in 2006 Examples: Canada, USA, India, South Africa, Zambia, etc. Identities: census practices in 140 countries 7 dimensions of identities in contemporary censuses: Nativity (country of birth) 131 countries 88% pop. Citizenship 101 45% Ethnicity/Ancestry/Culture 66 46% Race 19 30% Indigenous peoples 14 12% Language 71 42% Religion 74 50% Identities in IPUMS-International harmonized microdata for 13 countries--5 with “indigenous peoples”: Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, and USA.

UN Statistics Division, Principles and Recommendations UN Statistics Division, Principles and Recommendations. Revisions 1 (1997) and 2 (draft, 2006) (5 slides)

Rev 2 (2006): UNSD Principles and Recommendations Section on “indigenous people” 2006: 3 paragraphs; 1997: not mentioned Cautious about suitability and sensitivity of asking indigenous people questions in a country’s census. Special care to demonstrate to respondents that appropriate data protection and disclosure control measures are in place. Respondents should be informed of potential uses of the data. Respondents should be involved in data collection: promotes capacity building and facilitates data collection/dissemination. Increasing importance in the context of socio-economic situation, inequities, and policies affecting indigenous peoples. Justification: environmental management, social organization, monitor human development, etc. Data should be collected through self declaration with the option of multiple criteria, recognizing the diversity of the sub-population.

Rev 1 (1997): UNSD Principles and Recommendations on identities (no section on indigenous peoples) “According to national need”: generally, these items are explained in short paragraphs Ethnicity/Ancestry/Culture: “No internationally relevant criteria can be recommended.” “ethnicity” not mentioned; “ethnic” occurs 29 times. Race --mentioned in paragraph on ethnicity Language: “International comparability is not an issue.” Religion: according to national needs, identify either 1) religious or spiritual belief of preference, or 2) affiliation with an organized group For purposes of international comparability—use international standard codes Nativity (country of birth) Citizenship (country)

Broadly defined, ethnicity is based on a shared understanding of history and territorial origins (regional and national) of an ethnic group or community as well as on particular cultural characteristics such as language and/or religion. Respondents’ understanding or views about ethnicity, awareness of their family background, the number of generations they have spent in a country, and the length of time since immigration are all possible factors affecting the reporting of ethnicity in a census. Ethnicity is multidimensional and is more a process than a static concept, and so ethnic classification should be treated with moveable boundaries. --United Nations Statistics Division Draft Revision II Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses (June 12, 2006), 2.142 Broadly defined, ethnicity is based on a shared understanding of history and territorial origins (regional and national) of an ethnic group or community as well as on particular cultural characteristics such as language and/or religion. Respondents’ understanding or views about ethnicity, awareness of their family background, the number of generations they have spent in a country, and the length of time since immigration are all possible factors affecting the reporting of ethnicity in a census. Ethnicity is multidimensional and is more a process than a static concept, and so ethnic classification should be treated with moveable boundaries. --United Nations Statistics Division Draft Revision II Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses (June 12, 2006), 2.142 Broadly defined, ethnicity is based on a shared understanding of history and territorial origins (regional and national) of an ethnic group or community as well as on particular cultural characteristics such as language and/or religion. Respondents’ understanding or views about ethnicity, awareness of their family background, the number of generations they have spent in a country, and the length of time since immigration are all possible factors affecting the reporting of ethnicity in a census. Ethnicity is multidimensional and is more a process than a static concept, and so ethnic classification should be treated with moveable boundaries. --United Nations Statistics Division Draft Revision II Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses (June 12, 2006), 2.142

Rev 2 (2006): UNSD Principles and Recommendations Section on ethnicity is greatly expanded; “ethnicity” occurs 16 times, “ethnic” 19 times. Cautious about suitability and sensitivity of asking ethnicity questions in a country’s census. Emphasizes increasing importance in the context of migration, integration and policies affecting minority groups. Special care to demonstrate to respondents that appropriate data protection and disclosure control measures are in place. Respondents should be informed of potential uses of the data. Broadly defined based on shared history, territorial origins and particular cultural characteristics such as language/religion. Justification: demographic trends, employment practices, income distributions, educational levels, migration patterns, family composition, social support, health conditions, etc. Data should be collected through self declaration with the option of multiple declarations.

“Nationality” effects on fertility: the case of China, 2000: Average Number of Births by Women’s Nationality

2. Examples: Canada, USA, India, South Africa, Zambia, Hungary, etc 2. Examples: Canada, USA, India, South Africa, Zambia, Hungary, etc. (9 slides) Note: analysis is based on national population census forms—does not include special indigenous people censuses.

Canada 2001. 4 questions on indigenous peoples (2 open-ended)

Indigenous People: USA 2001

India 2001, 5 questions: religion, scheduled caste, scheduled tribe, mother tongue, and other languages spoken

Multiple meanings of “Ethnicity”: “If Zambian enter tribe, if not mark major racial group” --Zambia, 2000. Other questions: Citizenship, Religion, Predominant Language, and 2nd Language

South Africa, 2001, Identity questions: “Population Group”, Language & Religion (plus citizenship and country of birth—not shown)

Canada 2001. Many open ended questions: …on ethnic or cultural groups of ancestors,

Canada 2001. Many open ended questions: …on religion

Canada 2001. 5 questions on languages

Hungary 2000: 5 open ended questions on nationalities, languages, and religion (“do not want to answer” is a valid answer)

3. Content analysis of census questions for 140 countries (11 slides)

Contemporary Census Questionnaires source: www. hist. umn Contemporary Census Questionnaires source: www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/IPUMSI/enumform.htm Mollweide projection

Contemporary Census Questionnaires pink = census form available: 140 countries dark grey = less than 1 million population (101 places) light grey = no form available: 14 countries source: www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/IPUMSI/enumform.htm Mollweide projection

Nativity in contemporary censuses dark green (131 countries) = country of birth pink (9 countries) = no country of birth question light grey = no form available or less than 1 million pop.

Citizenship or Nativity yellow (101 countries) = citizenship dark green (131 countries) = nativity (country of birth) pink (6 countries) = no nativity/citizenship question light grey = not studied

Ethnicity, Nativity or Citizenship medium green (66 countries) = ethnicity (ex-USSR = nationality) dark green (131 countries) = country of birth yellow (101 countries) = citizenship pink (3 countries) = no question; light grey = not studied

Ethnicity in contemporary censuses medium green (66 countries) = ethnicity/ancestry /parents’ country of birth/culture/nationality pink = no ethnicity question light grey = not studied

Race or Ethnicity light green (19 countries) = race/tribe/caste/color medium green (66 countries) = ethnicity/ancestry/culture/etc. pink = no question; light grey = not studied

Indigenous People, Race or Ethnicity brown (14 countries) = indigenous people light green (19 countries) = race/tribe/caste/color medium green (66 countries) = ethnicity/ancestry/culture/etc. pink = no question; light grey = not studied

Language, Indigenous, Race or Ethnicity yellow (71 countries) = language/mother tongue brown (14 countries) = indigenous people light green (19 countries) = race/tribe/caste/color medium green (66 countries) = ethnicity/ancestry/culture/etc. pink = no question; light grey = unknown

Religion, Language, Indigenous, Race or Ethnicity red (74 countries) = religion yellow (71 countries) = language/mother tongue brown (14 countries) = indigenous people light green (19 countries) = race/tribe/caste/color medium green (66 countries) = ethnicity/ancestry/culture/etc. pink = no question; light grey = unknown

4. Ethnicity in IPUMS-International samples for 47 censuses (4 slides)

IPUMS-International: 47 high precision samples 13 countries, ~140 million person records * = question on indigenous peoples *Brazil: 1960-2000, 5% long-form cluster samples *Chile: 1960-2000, 10% systematic household samples China: 1982, 0.1% systematic household sample Costa Rica: 1963-2000, 10% systematic household samples Colombia, 1964-93, 10% systematic household samples *Ecuador, 1962-2001, 10% systematic household samples France, 1960-1990, 5% systematic household samples Kenya, 1989-99, 5% systematic household samples *Mexico, 1960-2000, 1-10% samples (cluster for 2000) South Africa, 1996-2001, 10% systematic household samples *USA, 1960-2000, 1-5% stratified random samples Venezuela, 1971-1990, 10% systematic household samples Vietnam, 1989-1999, 3-5% systematic household samples

IPUMS-International Ethnicity and Language Variables (1 of 2) --frequent, but not comparable

IPUMS-International Ethnicity and Language Variables (cont’d) IPUMS-International Ethnicity and Language Variables (cont’d). IPUMSI - Variables.htm

IPUMS-International Principles and Practices Retain all significant detail Harmonize everything Use composite coding scheme of multiple digits First digit stands for concepts common to many censuses Last digit for concepts that are rarely found Zero indicates that a concept is not in a census In practice, with respect to identity variables Many have meaning only in a national context and therefore are harmonized only within country: indigenous people, race, ethnicity, tribes, color, etc. Others may be integrated across countries: religion, country of birth/citizenship, and language

Additional IPUMS documentation: IPUMSI - INDIG Codes.htm IPUMSI - RACE.htm IPUMSI - RACE Codes.htm IPUMSI - RELIG.htm IPUMSI - RELIG Codes.htm

5. In conclusion Identities in 2010 round of censuses: increasing complexity, increasing volume of data, and increasing access to microdata

Thank you. enumeration forms at: www. hist. umn Thank you. enumeration forms at: www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/ IPUMSI/enumform.htm * * * * * * Contact: rmccaa@umn.edu