TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS Lecture

Five Freedoms Create THREE columns on a sheet of paper with the following headings: Five freedoms I have Five rights or freedoms that are restricted at school The reasons for the restrictions (Think: why are you restricted from certain activities and who does the restricting?)

Pair Up Five Freedoms Share Share what you came up with Let’s list some of your input on the board

What’s the Difference? Authoritarian Totalitarian Having control, but not total control, over the lives of the people. Having total control over the lives of the people.

Authoritarian vs. Totalitarian Authoritarian = Authority Totalitarian = Total What type of governance does a school have? What actions would have to occur for a school to move from authoritarian governance to totalitarian governance? Schools are authoritarian but not totalitarian. Authoritarian vs. Totalitarian: Authoritarianism is a form of social organization (imagine a school) characterized by submission to authority (students, teachers, staff, all submit to the administration or principal…or district, etc.). It (the school) is opposed to individualism and democracy (meaning the students, teachers, staff do not determine ALL of the policies that govern the school). In politics, an authoritarian government is one in which political power is concentrated in a leader or leaders, typically unelected by the people, who possess exclusive, unaccountable, and arbitrary power. Authoritarianism differs from totalitarianism in that social and economic institutions exist that are not under the government's control. In the example of the school…there is student leadership, student clubs, teacher’s make decisions in departments, parents have a stake, there is a union, teachers determine what they teach in their own classrooms, etc. And, life outside of school is not regulated by the principal, administration, district, etc. In totalitarianism, people must adhere to a strict ideology in all aspects of their lives…inside and outside of “school.”

FAILURE OF VERSAILLES The peace settlement that ended World War I (Versailles Treaty) failed to provide a “just and secure peace” as promised Instead Germany grew more resentful of the treaty they felt was too harsh and too punitive This unrest gave rise to an era of Dictators The Versailles Treaty (above on crutches) took a beating in the U.S. and abroad

Totalitarianism A country headed by a DICTATOR (one person) One POLITICAL PARTY rules Individuals have little power, freedom or rights. The government CONTROLS ALL ASPECTS of life including religion, speech, media and art No INDIVIDUAL privacy or FREEDOM Came to power after WW I.

Criteria of Totalitarian Regimes “…I saw a little boy, perhaps ten years old, driving a huge carthorse along a narrow path, whipping it whenever it tried to turn. It struck me that if only such animals became aware of their strength we should have no power over them…” George Orwell Orwell tells us two of the ways that people, as well as animals, can be controlled. The 2,000 pound horse could be controlled by a small boy of less than 100 pounds because the boy used some of the methods that dictators used to control the large populations of their countries.

Criteria of Totalitarian Regimes Germany, the Soviet Union, and Italy had dictatorships that were unique in the history of the world. They went beyond mere dictatorships. They were totalitarian dictatorships. Their control went beyond traditional, authoritarian dictatorships and monarchies.

Criteria of Totalitarian Regimes Totalitarian dictatorships wanted total control over the lives of their people. How did these totalitarian governments achieve this kind of control? Dictators used 8 methods to gain total control over their people. Just as the boy controlled the horse, dictators were able to control people using the following strategies…

Criteria of Totalitarian Regimes Indoctrination Propaganda Censorship Terror Charisma One Party Rule Economic Control Extreme Nationalism

Say, Mean, Matter As we go through each criteria of Totalitarian regimes, complete your lecture guide as follows: What does it say? (Read the definition and underline important phrases.) What does it mean? (Put definition into your own words.) Why does it matter? (Explain why principle is important in totalitarian states.)

Say, Mean, Matter Indoctrination Propaganda To teach people to accept a system of beliefs (thoughts) without questioning. Using newspapers, magazines, radio, speeches, and movies to give people a one sided message.

"Es lebe Deutschland!” – means “Long Live Germany!”

Say, Mean, Matter Censorship Terror The removal of anything objectionable to or critical of the ruling party. The use of violence or the threat of violence to produce fear so that people will obey the state.

Examples of the use of terror to enforce the will of the Totalitarian – slave labor camps in USSR, Mussolini’s Secret Police, and the Holocaust in Germany

Say, Mean, Matter Charisma One Party Rule A quality about a leader that makes people eager to follow him or her. Only one political party is allowed to exist. It has complete power.

Say, Mean, Matter Economic Control Extreme Nationalism The state decides what will be made and sold. The belief by a group of people that their country is better than any other country.

TYPES OF TOTALITARIAN LEADERS… Fascist Totalitarian Nazi Totalitarian Communist Totalitarian Militarist Totalitarian

FASCIST TOTALITARIAN Political movement that consists of strong, centralized government headed by powerful dictator Emphasized the state over individuals Protect private property but control production Fascists hate communists and democracies. One political party = fascist

Italy -Fascist Totalitarian Benito Mussolini Italy -Fascist Totalitarian "Everything within the state, nothing against the state, nothing outside the state." The masses should only "believe, obey and fight." ~Mussolini

Spain -Fascist Totalitarian Francisco Franco Spain -Fascist Totalitarian

NAZI TOTALITARIAN Emphasis on racism Political Party = Nazis Note: Hitler’s Germany was also Facist…

Hitler Germany- Nazi Totalitarian

COMMUNIST TOTALITARIAN Collective ownership & centralized state planning One party system - communist Feared fascist dictators

USSR -Communist Totalitarian Joseph Stalin USSR -Communist Totalitarian

Militarist TOTALITARIAN Strong military Economy supports increasing size and strength of military Aggressive Expansionism Aggressive militaristic actions (atrocities in war) Revered by the people… “Godlike” Extreme nationalism

Emperor Hirohito & Hideki Tojo Hideki Tojo, Military Leader of Japan Japan had an emperor, but the military took control of the government Emperor Hirohito could not stand up to the powerful generals, but he was worshipped by the people, who often fought in his name Industrialization of Japan, lending to a drive for raw materials…spurs aggressive expansion Hirohito, Emperor of Japan