Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Capitolo 7 Il tasso di cambio reale.

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Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Capitolo 7 Il tasso di cambio reale

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Fig. 7.1 Fig Euro Area UK Japan USA Nominal and real exchange rates:

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Definiamo il tasso di cambio reale = P/(P * /S) = SP/P * Dove S è il tasso di cambio nominale, es. dollari per euro P/(P*/S) espresso in euro SP/P* espresso in dollari

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Se aumenta leconomia evidenzia una perdita di competitività Se diminuisce leconomia evidenzia un guadagno di competitività

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 = P/(P*/S) = SP/P* Se definiamo in termini di variazioni percentuali, allora: / = S/S + P/ P - P * /P * = S/S + - * Allora se / = 0, S/S = - *

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Figure 7.2 Real exchange rate 0DeficitSurplus Primary current account function Slope: net exports increase when price of domestic goods fall relative to foreign goods (real exchange rate, ) Shift: Essentially changes in business conditions at home and abroad. Fig. 7.02

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Tasso di cambio definito in termini di beni e servizi commerciabili e non commerciabili = P N /P C, se P C =P C* /S allora = SP N /P C * PIL nominale=P C Y C + P N Y N, se dividiamo per P C Y = Y C + Y N o anche Y C = Y - Y N

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Figure 7.3 Nontraded goods Traded goods 0 Production possibilities frontier (PPF) Slope: opportunity cost of nontraded goods. Curve: increasingly hard to get resources transferred from traded goods to increase nontraded goods. Shift: changes in labour or capital, changes in productivity. Fig. 7.03

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Figure 7.4 Real GDP expressed here in units of traded good Traded goods 0 100/ B 100 A Slope: price of nontraded domestic goods relative to traded goods (real exchange rate, ) Fig Nontraded goods

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Figure 7.4 Price of nontraded goods increases Traded goods 0 C 100/ B 100 A 100/ ´ ´ Fig Nontraded goods

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 B´ A´ 110/ 110 Figure 7.4 Price lines Traded goods 0 C 100/ B 100 A 100/ ´ ´ Shift: different values of real GDP Fig Nontraded goods

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Figure 7.5 Produzione ottimale Fig. 7.05

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Figure 7.5 Nontraded goods Traded goods 0 Maximum possible value of GDP Fig P

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 ´ Figure 7.5 Traded goods 0 If relative price of nontraded goods rises... P P´ Structure of output is changed, less output of traded goods and more output of nontraded goods. Why? Producers of nontraded goods can afford to bid away inputs from producers of traded goods. Fig Nontraded goods

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Figure 7.7 Produzione e consumo ottimali Fig. 7.07

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Figure 7.7 Nontraded goods Traded goods 0 Optimal production and consumption B A Fig. 7.07

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Figure 7.8 Il tasso di cambio reale di equilibrio Fig. 7.08

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Figure 7.8 We pay back outstanding debt by exporting more than we import in the last period. We spend down our positive net foreign assets by importing more than we export in the last period. National intertemporal budget constraint Fig. 7.08

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Vincolo intertemporale: SPPC 1 + SPPC 2 /(1+r)= -F 1 SPPC 2 = -(1+r)(F 1 + SPPC 2 ) = -F 2 F 2 =posizione netta allinizio del 2 periodo

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Figure 7.8 Primary current account (period 2) Real exchange rate (P N /P T ) 0 Equilibrium real exchange rate A´ A F 1 is the net asset position going into the second period. Fig. 7.08

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Fig. 7.9 Fig Net external position and the real exchange rate Sweden

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Figure 7.10 The equilibrium real exchange rate and productivity in the traded goods sector Fig. 7.10

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Figure 7.10 Nontraded goods Traded goods 0 Equilibrium real exchange rate and productivity in the traded goods sector Price line Q NT QTQT Fig A

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Figure 7.10 Traded goods 0 If productivity increases in the production of traded goods (and nontraded consumption remains constant)... A Q NT QTQT New price line B QT´QT´...appreciation of the real exchange rate Fig Nontraded goods

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Figure 7.10 Traded goods 0 Note: slope of new PPF to the right of B is steeper A Q NT QTQT B QT´QT´...some of the increase in real income will be enjoyed in increase consumption of both goods. C Fig Nontraded goods

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Fig Real exchange rates in transition economies

Burda, WyploszMACROECONOMIA: UNA PROSPETTIVA EUROPEA ©EGEA 2006 Table 7.1 Price level comparisons, 2000 (USA = 100) Table. 7.01