Lecturer: Dr. Elisabeth v. Münch e.vonmunch@unesco-ihe.org Course 2 Unit 4 Introduction to anaerobic treatment technologies [Part C only ] Part C – Examples and case studies (in this file) Lecturer: Dr. Elisabeth v. Münch e.vonmunch@unesco-ihe.org

Part C: Examples and case studies Course 2 Unit 4 Course 2 Unit 4 Part C: Examples and case studies

List of examples for Part C Example 1: India public toilets (Navsarjan Trust, GTZ pilot project) Example 2: China household and agricultural waste digesters (CAAE (Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering) Example 3: Lesotho household biogas plants (NGO TED, now supported by BORDA, Germany) Example 4: Durban household biogas plant, South Africa (pilot project) Example 5: Rwanda prisons Example 6: Germany, Waldmichelbacher Hof (restaurant and farm Example 7: Lübeck, Germany (residential area) Example 8: Blackwater treatment in Sneek, the Netherlands There are many, many more examples, world-wide! You may be able to send me project descriptions, files, powerpoint presentations from your own experiences?

Example 1: India public toilets The following slides were provided by Christine Werner (GTZ), who gave a presentation about ecosan in India at the Advanced Sanitation Conference in Aachen, Germany (12-13 March 2007) Her complete presentation is provided under Assigned Reading (pdf file of the paper) and Extra Materials (powerpoint presentation in two parts)

Navsarjan Trust ecosan pilot project – Dalit Shakti Kendra (DSK) location: Nani Devti, Ahmedabad District, Gujarat State, India implementation period: 2005/2006 source: Martin Wafler vocational training institute Dalit Shakti Kendra (DSK)

proposed system for the DSK Campus Course 2 Unit 4 Navsarjan Trust ecosan pilot project proposed system for the DSK Campus http://www.alisontoon.com< source separating toilet greywater (pre-treated) dung Biogas plant ornamental garden urine storage www.beefgonzo.de vegetable garden compost sludge drying beds biogas

Navsarjan Trust ecosan pilot project - DSK source: esf source: esf source: esf toilet block with biogas plant UDD as „emergency toilets“ ladies urinal

Sketch map of the night-soil based biogas plant 22 toilet cabins arranged in 2 semi-circles supplie a biogas reactor locatet in the center 2: inlet chamber toilet water 1: mixing chamber for buffalo dung 3: outlet chamber (source: http://www.ruralsanitation.com/) „pour-flush“ squatting pan with „P“-trap 2 infiltration/evapotranspiration of wash-water in flowerbed towards greywater garden for reuse of water biogas plant 1 3 2 towards sludge drying beds towards greywater garden for reuse of water

Construction of the night-soil based biogas plant source: esf source: seecon inletchamber for toilet water beginnig of construction source: esf biogasreactor in the center of the building source: esf almost finished toilet center Feb. 2007

Example 2: China household and agricultural waste digesters Course 2 Unit 4 Example 2: China household and agricultural waste digesters The slides for this example were provided by Heinz-Peter Mang (he is with CAAE (Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering)) I got them from him at the UNESCO-IHE Refresher Course in Nanjing, China (October 2005) – I have asked him for an update, but have not received an answer yet

China: Northern “Four-in-One” Comprehensive utilization Course 2 Unit 4 China: Northern “Four-in-One” Comprehensive utilization kitchen Pig-pen, toilet Green house food manure biogas fertilizer

China: Southern “Pig-Biogas-Fruit” Comprehensive utilization Pig manure and toilet waste Liquid sludge Biogas digester

China: Northwest “Five-Matches” Comprehensive utilization Course 2 Unit 4 China: Northwest “Five-Matches” Comprehensive utilization Water heater cooking lighting Warm house orchard Sand sedimentation Water storage Biogas digester

Household biogas digester plants in China during 1973 – 2005 (total number, in 10,000) 16,000,000 16 million biogas plants 1973 1985 1999 2005 Year How many are there in your country?

Example 3: Lesotho household biogas plants Course 2 Unit 4 Example 3: Lesotho household biogas plants I got these slides from Mantopi Lebofa who works for the NGO TED, which is now also supported by BORDA, Germany A more detailed presentation for this example is provided under Extra Materials

Biogas system Feeding material. Irrigation by gravity Gas taken to the house Methane producing organisms produce gas Storage for irrigation water – H20 could be pumped or irrigate gravitationally Root Treatment System Water flowing into the expansion canal Sketch of biodigester replacing a septic tank. Wastewater as well as kitchen and garden waste enter the digester and are broken down to biogas and fertile water. The advantages: No more emptying of septic tank. Reuse of all water in the garden. Less cost on cooking energy.

Design details Fixed Dome Bio Digester, Size: z m3 Gas storage capacity: xy m3 All measurements in cm Not to scale Ventilation Pipe Principle of dry toilet connection and additional inlet Note: digester outlet at the bottom Gas Outlet Overflow Manhole Radius pipes of 1m length

Example 4: Durban household biogas plant, South Africa (pilot project) Course 2 Unit 4 Example 4: Durban household biogas plant, South Africa (pilot project) I took the photos on the following slide during the field trip organised as part of an international ecosan conference in Durban, South Africa (May 2005) This installation was just a single pilot installed provided by an NGO (I can’t remember the name of the NGO)

Household biogas plant in rural Durban, South Africa Digester receives toilet water, greywater and collected manure from 2-3 cows Toilet & shower Kitchen Left: Toilet (flush), connected to digester Middle: Digester with floating dome (biogas collection) Right: biogas pipe to house Storage and drying for digestate (used as fertiliser)

Example 5: Rwanda prisons Course 2 Unit 4 Example 5: Rwanda prisons The information in the following slides was taken from the paper by Butare and Kimaro (2002) – this paper is also provided under Extra Materials

Biogas plant at Cyangugu Prison in Rwanda Biogas plant treats toilet waste from prisoners by using fixed-dome anaerobic digesters Generation of biogas was achieved to generate energy for cooking - savings in kitchen fuel is around 80% Sustainable solution for the treatment of waste from 6,000 prisoners Source: Butare and Kimaro (2002)

Design details Bioreactor is fed through two toilet-waste flows: one comes from 4,500 prisoners and the other from 1,500. 1 digester of V=150 m3 (divided in 2 shells to improve performance); a storage capacity of 28 m3; 2 holding tanks to further stabilize sludge. Production of 75,000 CH4 L/day 30 m of gas line which feeds 4 stoves of 1200 L. Plant life time 30 years Effluent from biogas plant is reused as fertilizer in crops inside prison (2 ha): bananas, coffee, soy, tomato, etc. Bioreactor split into 2 shells

Example 6: Germany, Waldmichelbacher Hof (restaurant and farm) Course 2 Unit 4 Example 6: Germany, Waldmichelbacher Hof (restaurant and farm) The following slides are from a presentation I gave at the Durban ecosan conference (May 2005) More information: Separate presentation and paper under Extra Reading GTZ project datasheet: www.gtz.de/en/themen/umwelt-infrastruktur/wasser/9399.htm

Course 2 Unit 4 Biogas plant with electricity generation at farm and restaurant in Germany Description: Farm of 200 ha, with grazing land and fodder crops 280 hornless cattle Restaurant with 250 seats (“Waldmichelbacher Hof”) Slaughterhouse processing one cattle per week Four families live and work on/from the farm & restaurant System components: Low flush toilets for all buildings Manure collection, and mixing channel under the cattle shed Heated, insulated and fully mixed anaerobic digester with 280 m3 volume (40-44°C) Anaerobic storage digester with 1500 m3 Two combined heat and power generator sets with 37 kW (electricity) and 74 kW (thermal energy / heat) each This is an example to show that conventional flush toilets (non-UD) can also be used in an ecosan project!

Key results Annual savings in operating costs in 2004: 20,000 €/year for not needing to purchase fertiliser 23,400 €/year due to electricity produced on-site (more than 50% of the electricity demand covered) Heat for all residential houses and restaurant, and hot water 5,300 €/year is the income from selling excess electricity to the grid* Valuable liquid fertiliser (digested manure) produced Sanitisation of sewage by mesophilic digestion and long retention times Gas bladder of anaerobic digester no. 2 (not heated, not mixed; floating cover) * New German legislation forces energy companies to buy back such green energy from decentralised production for a fair price

Concept schematic of this closed-loop system H: heat, E: electricity, F: fodder, DM: digested manure, BG: biogas, W: waste(water)

Design drawing Digester Floating cover Gas withdrawal Stable/ cattle shed Digested manure Storage vessel Combined heat and power plant Heat to house electricity

Example 7: Lübeck, Germany (residential area) Course 2 Unit 4 Example 7: Lübeck, Germany (residential area) The information on the following slides was taken from the GTZ project datasheet on this project: http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-004-germany-luebeck-flintenbreite-2005.pdf

Housing estate with biogas plant in Lübeck-Flintenbreite (slide 1 of 2) Integrated sanitation system using vacuum toilets and biogas plant = production of energy + saving of water Foreseen for a community of 350 inhabitants Area of 3.5 ha which was not connected to central sewerage Separate treatment of grey, black and storm water Digested anaerobic sludge is reused in agriculture Biogas plant

Process schematic (slide 2 of 2) Course 2 Unit 4 Process schematic (slide 2 of 2) vacuum toilet Kitchen, shower Storm water Greywater (56 L/cap/d) Blackwater (4.8 L/cap/d) Kitchen residue wetlands Biogas plant Effluent infiltration Biogas Effluent

Example 8: Blackwater treatment in Sneek, The Netherlands Course 2 Unit 4 Example 8: Blackwater treatment in Sneek, The Netherlands The next slide is from myself and the remaining slides for this examples are from Brendo Meulman, Landustrie, the project leader (provided in Sept 2007)

Neighbourhood “UASB-septic tank” for blackwater in Sneek, The Netherlands The “UASB-septic tank” is located in this garage, together with storage tanks and other experimental process units It treats the blackwater from 80 persons (400 – 500 L/d; 5.6 L/cap/d; 1 L per flush) Digester is heated to 20 or 30°C with hot water generated with biogas

General view of the housing area

How to get a concentrated organic fraction? Vacuum toilets are used, they flush with 1L water and 100L of air. Reduction of 36 L/cap/d water, is 25% of total water consumption Vacuum toilet Vacuum station (pump)

References * Also under Extra Materials on the I-LE Course 2 Unit 4 References Butare, A and Kimaro, A (2002) Anaerobic technology for toilet wastes management: the case study of the Cyangugu pilot project, World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education, Vol.1, No.1. http://www.eng.monash.edu.au/uicee/worldtransactions/WorldTransAbstractsVol1No1/Microsoft%20Word%20-%2032_Butare.pdf * Heeb, J., Jenssen, P., Gnanakan, K. & K. Conradin (2007): ecosan curriculum 2.0. In cooperation with: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, ACTS Bangalore, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, German Agency for Technical Cooperation and the International Ecological Engineering Society. Partially available from www.seecon.ch and http://www2.gtz.de/dokumente/oe44/ecosan/cb/en-m23-ecosan-human-dignity-lecture-2006.ppt Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L., Stensel, H.D. (2003) Wastewater Engineering, Treatment and Reuse, Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill, 4th edition. This is a good book on conventional wastewater treatment Zhang Wudi et al. (2001): Comprehensive utilization of human and animal wastes. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Ecological Sanitation in Nanning 2001,EcoSanRes, China * Also under Extra Materials on the I-LE

Other organisations and websites for biogas plants BORDA (Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association): www.borda-net.org - extensive experience with decentralised anaerobic wastewater treatment (mostly without source separation), e.g. Household biogas plants all over the world. See also their website to view the presentations at recent symposium “Business Unusual” Nov. 2006 Biogas for Better Life, An African Initiative  (www.biogasafrica.org) – New initiative from May 2007, see next slide for more information Agency for renewable resources: www.fnr.de (Fachagentur für nachwachsende Rohstoffe; in German and English) Fachverband Biogas: www.biogas.org (in German only) Internationales Biogas und Biomasse Kompetenzzentrum (IBBK) (http://www.biogas-zentrum.de/ibbk/) – in German only

Some more information about the Biogas for Better Life Initiative Pan African Biogas Initiative Launched : 31 May 2007 A large-scale biogas initiative has been launched to bring renewable energy to 20 million households in some 25 African countries. The initiative was approved at a conference entitled 'Biogas for Better Life: An African Initiative', held in Nairobi, Kenya on 22 May 2007. The initiative is being supported by a consortium consisting of African countries (including Benin, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal and South Africa), implementing agencies, local NGOs and donors (including Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and the Shell Foundation). Dutch partners in the initiative are the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and development organisations SNV and Hivos. The first national biogas programme – in Rwanda –has already begun. Similar programmes in Ethiopia and Uganda will begin later this year. These national programmes aim to construct the initiative’s first 50,000 biogas plants. Biogas programmes are already operational in various parts of the world. SNV has worked on several successful programmes in Asia, especially in Nepal and Vietnam. A simple biogas plant can be operated by any family with at least two cows or four pigs. The family toilet can also often be connected to it. Such a plant will generate enough gas to power a stove and a lamp.A biogas plant costs from 300 to 400 euros (although in Africa it will initially cost more). But the expense can be recouped within a few years through savings on firewood. And the waste product can still be used as manure.