1 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 La nuova macchina al GSI: descrizione e potenzialita` Sandra Leone INFN Pisa

2 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 Layout of the Accelerator Complex The existing GSI facility (blue): linear accelerator UNILAC heavy-ion synchrotron SIS18 the fragment separator FRS, the storage ring ESR The new project (red): the double-ring synchrotron SIS100/200, high-en. storage ring HESR collector ring CR, new experiment storage ring NESR, super-conducting fragment separator Super-FRS and several experimental stations. The present UNILAC/SIS18 complex serves as injector for the new double-ring synchr.

3 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 The present and future facility  The future facility extends the present ring system, which is used as injector.  The core of the new system is a high energy double- ring system. The first ring rapidly accelerates beams to 100 Tm rigidity using fast-cycling superconducting magnets (4T/s) and 2T maximum magnetic field strenght.  The second ring accelerates at a slower rate (  1T/s) to above 200 Tm using high-field cosine-theta type iron-free superconducting magnets (RHIC type).  The double ring system is the key to the parallel operation between ion and hadron beams

4 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 Physics opportunities: 1) intense secondary beams (  1-2 GeV/u) of short lived nuclei for studies in nuclear structure physics, nuclear astrophysics and fundamental simmetries and interactions; 2) intense secondary beams of antiprotons (  15 GeV/c ) for studies of quark and gluon degrees of freedom in hadrons extending the reach for hadronic states (resonances) up to and well above the region of (bound) charmed quarks 3) high-energy beams of heavy nuclei (20-30 GeV/u) for nucleus- nucleus collisions and studies of dense nuclear matter 4) intense, short (50 nsec) pulses of ion beams at medium energy (  1 GeV/c) for studies of (macroscopic) bulk matter at elevated temperatures (  eV), pressures (Gbar) and densities (  normal ).

5 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 GSI complementary to RHIC and LHC A schematic phase diagram of strongly interacting matter. The net baryon density is the density of baryons minus the density of antibaryons. Nuclear matter exists in different phases as function of temp. and density. The entire high-density area of the phase diagram is unexplored. At very high densities and low temperatures, beyond the deconfinement transition, a new phase is expected, where the quarks are correlated and form a color superconductor. At the ‘critical point’ the deconfinement/ chiral phase transition is predicted to change its character. The research program at the new facility at GSI aims for the exploration of the high-density area of the phase diagram. This approach is complementary to the investigations performed at the CERN-SPS, the RHIC facility at Brookhaven, USA, at the future LHC facility (ALICE project) at CERN.

6 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 Science motivation for the antiproton beam: 1) extended spectroscopy of charmonium and more detailed understanding of the confinement potential; 2) the role of gluons through searches for and studies of gluonic hybrids (and possibly glueballs) involving charmed quarks; 3) the extension of studies of meson properties in the nuclear medium into the charmed sector and related to that, the question of chiral simmetry restoration; 4) the study of multi-hyperon nuclear states.

7 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 Quark gluon dynamics in the charm sector: Hidden Charm Open Charm e.g.< 5 x 10 9 J/psi/Year e.g.< 2.5 x 10 9 D-pairs /Year Glueballs and Charmed Hybrids Structure of charmed Hadrons (cc) in Nuclear Matter D-Nucleus interaction Charmonium spectroscopy CP Violation (& confinement)Standard Model

8 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 Studies with antiproton beams Mass range of hadrons accessible at the HESR with antiproton beams. The figure indicates the antiproton momenta required for charmonium spectroscopy, the search for charmed hybrids and glueballs, the production of D meson pairs and the production of  baryon pairs for hypernuclear studies. The energy range covered by the former Low Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR) at CERN is indicated by the arrow. LEAR

9 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 Antiprotons production, acceleration and storage 50 MeV Proton Linac for proton injection. To obtain an antiproton production rate of 1.6 x 10 7 s -1. Total length < 20m. SIS18 as Proton Energy and Intensity Booster: to boost the proton energy to 1 GeV and have 2x10 13 protons per SIS100-cycle. Proton and antiproton acceleration in SIS100: accelerate protons to the antiproton production energy of 28 GeV and also accelerate the antiproton beam (after cooling and accumulation at about 3 GeV) to the desired energy for experiments in HESR. Stochastically cooled antiprotons in the NESR are rebunched and injected into SIS100 in reverse direction. Accelerated antiproton bunches are transferred to HESR. Antiproton production and separation: iridium or copper target, 3mm diameter x 50mm length. Beam: 2x10 13 protons in one 24ns bunch. Antiproton beam after target: 3GeV, 7x10 7 antip in one 45ns bunch Max luminosity for HESR: 2x10 32 cm -1 s -1. Energy: GeV (max. magnetic rigidity 50 Tm) Circulating antiprotons:  2 x 10 12

10 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 SIS100/200: two rings synchrotron facility Schematic layout of the two-ring synchrotron facility. Both rings have a circumference of m with six straight sections. Tunnel cross-section for the two-ring synchrotron facility. The tunnel is located at a depth of 24 m.

11 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003SIS100/200SIS100/200 The goal of the first synchrotron ring (B = 100 Tm) is to achieve intense pulsed (10 12 ions/pulse) uranium (q = 28 + ) beams at 1 GeV/u and intense pulsed (2.5 × ) proton beams at 29 GeV. Both, heavy-ion and proton beams can be compressed into 50 ns bunches required for the production and subsequent storage and efficient cooling of exotic nuclei and antiprotons. The short intense ion bunches are also required for plasma physics experiments. The 200 Tm ring can provide high-energy ion beams with maximum energies around 30 GeV/u for Ne 10+ beams and close to 23 GeV/u for fully stripped U 92+ beams. The maximum intensities that are possible in this mode are 5 x ions per second.

12 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 Collector Ring CR Collection and Fast Stochastic Cooling of Radioactive Ion Beams Collection and Fast Stochastic Cooling of Antiproton Beams Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry with Radioactive Ion Beams

13 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 New Experimental Storage Ring The NESR can be supplied with highly-charged heavy ions from SIS18 and with exotic nuclei from Super-FRS. Layout of the storage ring NESR with its various components for beam manipulations, beam cooling and internal experiments. In the lower straight section collisions with electrons circulating in an electron storage ring can be studied.

14 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 HESR ring for antiproton studies Layout of the High-Energy Storage Ring (HESR) with the electron cooler and a typical almost hermetic detector system at the internal (gas-jet) target position. Electron-beam cooling for antiprotons (up to 15 GeV/c) is a technological challenge, given the large beam energy range.

15 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 Key parameters and features of the proposed synchrotrons and cooler/storage rings

16 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 Primary beam parameters from the SIS100/200 facility for the different research fields

17 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 Schematic of parallel operation in the proposed facilities A radioactive ion beam (blue) for fixed target experiments is produced with a slowly extracted primary beam from SIS200. In parallel, a proton beam (brown) produces antiprotons in the target. These are collected and subsequently cooled in CR/NESR, accelerated in SIS100, and fed into HESR for experiments. Additionally, at a very low repetition rate a bunched beam for plasma physics (green) may be provided.

18 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 ScheduleSchedule About 9.5 years since beginning (2001)

19 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 Cost estimate The estimate of the total cost of the facility is 675 MEur. Of these: 225 MEuro for civil construction and infrastruct. 265 MEuro for accelerator components and 185 MEuro for instrumentation and detectors. These costs include all manpower costs for commercial activities, in particular civil construction and fabrication by industry of various components and sub-systems, including installation, some testing and quality assurance. The cost does not include redirected manpower from GSI (120 FTE positions on average for the duration of facility construction) and new (permanent and temporary) staff (140 FTE) for engineering design, procurement, assembly, on-line testing and commissioning and for project management.

20 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 Status of approval ( ) “Federal Research Minister Edelgard Bulmahn presented her plans:......Together with European partners, the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt is to develop further its equipment in a phased approach and become a leading European physics centre. At least 25% of the costs amounting to €675 million are to be shouldered by foreign partners. “

21 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 Italian contributions to the proposal Research with Rare Isotope Beams, Nuclei Far From Stability: Universita` di Catania, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, INFN Sezione Padova (Italy), Università di Padova (Italy), Università di Torino Research with Antiprotons - Hadron Spectroscopy and Hadronic Matter: University of Ferrara, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Università di Torino, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions – Compressed Baryonic Matter: Laboratori Nazionali del Sud From Fundamentals to Applications – Quantum Electrodynam., Strong Fields, Ion-Matter Interactions: Universita`di Ferrara, Universita` di Siena

22 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 Present situation Two international collaborations already formed, PANDA working on the HESR antiproton beam, CBM for ion beam studies. PANDA (Proton-antiproton at Darmstadt) spokesperson: Ulrich Wiedner, Uppsala, deputy spokesperson: Paola Gianotti, LNF Involved Nations:svezia, italia, germania, olanda, polonia, gran bretagna, austria Italian groups:torino (2 gruppi INFN + politecnico), alessandria, pavia, trieste, genova, ferrara, frascati, brescia e catania Physics program: Il programma di fisica di PANDA e' piuttosto vasto, comprende spettroscopia del charm, ricerca di stati esotici (ibridi e glueballs) fisica ipernucleare e nucleare.

23 Sandra Leone, INFN PisaGR1, Roma 1/4/2003 ReferencesReferences Conceptual Design Report for the GSI Future project, W.F Henning “Hadrons and Nuclei: Concept for the Future GSI-Facility” K. Beckert et al, “An accelerator complex for Antiprotons at GSI” P. Gianotti, private communications