Formation of Yes/No Questions and Negation (La formación de preguntas de sí o no, y la negación) Modified by M. Sincioco

Statements versus Questions In spoken and written Spanish, statements are normally formed by placing the subject at the beginning of the sentence, followed by the verb and an object, if any. S V O Antonio habla francés. Questions that require a yes-or-no answer are often formed by placing the subject after the verb, especially when requesting new information. V S O ¿Habla Antonio francés? Does Antonio speak French? *Another possible order: ¿V + O + S?

Statements versus Questions To express disbelief about information already given, maintain the word order for statements, but with rising intonation (called an echo question). ¿Antonio habla francés? Antonio speaks French? (Really?) In spoken Spanish, all yes-or-no questions are identified by rising intonation at the end of the question, regardless of word order. ¿Habla Antonio francés?

Statement or Question?

Statements versus Questions A yes-or-no question can also be formed by adding a tag word or phrase at the end of a statement. Tag questions are also used to confirm given information and have rising intonation over the tag itself. Antonio habla francés, ¿no? Antonio speaks French, doesn’t he? Antonio habla francés, ¿verdad? Antonio speaks French, right? Antonio habla francés, ¿no es así? Antonio speaks French, isn’t that so? *Notice lower-case and ¿…?

Tag words and phrases: No? Yes? Right? Isn’t that so? A yes-or-no question can also be formed by adding a tag word or phrase at the end of a statement. Tag questions are also used to confirm given information and have rising intonation over the tag itself. ¿No? No? ¿Sí? Yes? ¿Verdad? / ¿De verdad? / De veras? Right? ¿No es así? Isn’t that so? ¿Cierto? / ¿Es cierto? True? / Is it true?

Question Marks and Intonation (Los signos de interrogación y la entonación) An inverted question mark (¿) is always placed at the beginning of a question word or phrase, and another right-side-up question mark (?) at the end. ¿Cómo? Pardon? How’s that again? ¿Cómo es tu profesor? What is your professor like? While in English, word order or the helper verb do (do, does) normally indicate a question, in Spanish, word order for questions and statements can be identical, and Spanish has no equivalent to the helper verb do. Thus, in written Spanish, the inverted question mark alerts the reader that a question follows. Silvia habla inglés. Silvia speaks English. ¿Silvia habla inglés? Does Silvia speak English?

Question Marks and Intonation (Los signos de interrogación y la entonación) Again, with yes-or-no questions in spoken Spanish, the speaker’s intonation is the indicator of the question. ¿Eres estudiante? Are you a student? Eres estudiante. You are a student. With questions that do not require yes or no in the answer, intonation is not an indicator; instead, we listen for the question word at or near the beginning of the phrase. ¿De dónde es? Where is she from? Es de California. She’s from California.

Summary: 3 ways to form yes/no questions in Spanish Word Order: Switch the subject and verb (Instead of S + V + O, use ¿V + S + O?) Intonation: Rising intonation at the end of the question. Tag words/phrases: Add a tag word such as ¿no? or ¿cierto?

Práctica: P. 51: 2-12 In pairs, ask each other questions based on the following statements by inverting the subject and verb, using intonation, or adding a tag word. Answer each other’s questions with sí or no. Example: La novela Don Quijote es famosa. ¿Es la novela Don Quijote famosa? (word order) ¿La novela Don Quijote es famosa? (intonation) La novela Don Quijote es famosa, ¿no? (tag word) Answer: Sí.

Práctica: P. 51: 2-12 La actriz Eva Mendes es baja y fea. Pedro Almodóvar es director de cine (film). Pablo Picasso es pintor (painter). El flamenco es un baile español. Los tenistas (tennis players) españoles son perezosos. Édgar Rentería es jugador de béisbol (baseball player). Penélope Cruz y Javier Bardem son poetas. Alberto Contador es un ciclista famoso.

Negation We are not from Spain. Antonio doesn’t speak French. We make a sentence negative in Spanish by simply placing no before the verb. Antonio no habla francés. Antonio doesn’t speak French. Be careful, though. In Spanish, the no is always before the verb, even when its equivalent (not, etc.) is after the verb in English. Nosotros no somos de España. We are not from Spain.

Make each statement negative by placing “no” in front of the verb. La actriz Eva Mendes es fea. Pedro Almodóvar es pintor. Pablo Picasso es director de cine. Los tenistas (tennis players) españoles son perezosos. Penélope Cruz y Javier Bardem son poetas. La actriz Eva Mendez no es fea. Pedro Almodóvar no es pintor. Pablo Picasso no es director de cine. Los tenistas españoles no son perezosos. Penélope Cruz y Javier Bardem no son poetas.

Negation No, (Antonio) no habla francés. No, he doesn’t speak French. When we answer a yes-or-no question negatively, the word no followed by a comma also precedes the verb phrase. ¿Habla Antonio francés? No, (Antonio) no habla francés. The first no simply negates the question. The second no is the equivalent of doesn’t. No, he doesn’t speak French. Note: In Spanish, “double negatives” don’t exist. In other words, two no’s don’t cancel each other out in Spanish.

Práctica: P. 51: 2-11 In pairs, take turns asking and answering yes/no questions. Comment on the truthfulness of each other’s responses using tag words/phrases. Include one original question. Example: E1: ¿Eres norteamericano/a? E2: No, no soy norteamericano/a. E1: ¿De verdad? (tag phrase) E2: Sí, de verdad. Soy de Francia.

Práctica: P. 51: 2-11 ¿Eres canadiense? ¿Son profesores tus padres? Tus amigos son trabajadores, ¿no? ¿Eres de San Francisco? Tu familia es rica, ¿verdad? ¿Son pobres los profesores? Eres bajo/a, ¿no? ¿ … ? (Insert your own question here)

FIN