Blood Anatomy II Project Period 00 Nicole Arevalo Ryan Fong Kevin Ryo Jae Song

Blood Blood is a specialized bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells – such as nutrients and oxygen – and transports waste products away from those same cells. Blood is composed of blood cells suspended in a liquid called blood plasma. Plasma, which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water (92% by volume),

Functions Supply of oxygen to tissues Supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids Removal of waste such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid Immunological functions, including circulation of white blood cells, and detection of foreign material by antibodies Coagulation, which is one part of the body's self-repair mechanism (blood clotting after an open wound in order to stop bleeding) Messenger functions, including the transport of hormones and the signaling of tissue damage Regulation of body pH Regulation of core body temperature Hydraulic functions

Plasma Blood plasma is the yellow liquid component of blood in which the blood cells in whole blood are normally suspended. It makes up about 55% of the total blood volume. It is the intravascular fluid part of extracellular fluid

Blood Cells A cell of any type normally found in blood. Three categories: red blood cells — Erythrocytes white blood cells — Leukocytes platelets — Thrombocytes Together, these three kinds of blood cells sum up for a total 45% of blood tissue by volume

Red Blood Cells Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are the most common type of blood cell They are the organism's principal means of delivering oxygen to the body tissues and the blood flow through the circulatory system. They take up oxygen in the lungs or gills and release it while squeezing through the body's capillaries. These cells' cytoplasm are rich in hemoglobin, an iron-containing biomolecule that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the blood's red color. In humans, mature red blood cells are flexible biconcave disks that lack a cell nucleus and most organelles.

Continued… When erythrocytes undergo shear stress in constricted vessels, they release ATP which causes the vessel walls to relax and dilate so as to promote normal blood flow Adult humans have roughly trillion red blood cells at any given time, comprising approximately one quarter of the total human body cell number (women have about 4 to 5 million blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood and men about 5 to 6 million.

Continued… Blood cells are continually moving by the blood flow push, pull and squeezing through microvessels such as capillaries as they compress against each other in order to move.

White Blood Cell White blood cells are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. they are all produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell. There are also two types of white blood cells: Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

Platelet small, regularly-shaped clear cell fragments which are derived from fragmentation of precursor megakaryocytes. The average lifespan of a platelet is normally just 5 to 9 days. They circulate in the blood and are involved in hemostasis, leading to the formation of blood clots.

Continued… Platelets are produced in blood cell formation in bone marrow, by budding off from megakaryocytes Each megakaryocyte produces between 5,000 and 10,000 platelets.

Cardiovascular system Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart. Arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to all of the cells of the body, and venous blood carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism by cells, to the lungs to be exhaled

Circulation of blood through heart blood is pumped from the strong left ventricle of the heart through arteries to peripheral tissues and returns to the right atrium of the heart through veins. It then enters the right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. Blood then enters the left ventricle to be circulated again.

Blood Test A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a needle, or via fingerprick. Blood tests are used to determine physiological and biochemical states, such as disease, mineral content, drug effectiveness, and organ function. They are also used in drug tests

Information Various cells of blood are made in the bone marrow called hematopoiesis which is the production of red, white and platelet blood cells. Blood is also responsible for oxygen transport Transport of hydrogens Lymphatic system Thermoregulation-Blood circulation that transports heat throughout the body Hydraulic functions