Earth´s surface and maps Maps Cartographic projections Map content Mgr. Matúš Dobeš, 2006

Maps

Maps Cartography = science studying possibilities how to display globular shape of the Earth to the flat drawing area Cartography = science studying possibilities how to display globular shape of the Earth to the flat drawing area Map = cartographic work and together with the globe represents the world around us Map = cartographic work and together with the globe represents the world around us

Historical maps

Maps A map provides graphic, transparent, distorted miniature of the Earth´s surface by using captions (marks), symbols and colours. A map provides graphic, transparent, distorted miniature of the Earth´s surface by using captions (marks), symbols and colours.  Maps are used by geographers, geologists, foresters, constructers, tourists, navigators, fliers, etc.

Various maps

Maps Earth´s surface is very complex (complicated) => it´s needed to simplify it => generalization. Earth´s surface is very complex (complicated) => it´s needed to simplify it => generalization. Air and satellite survey are the most basic ways how to obtain pictures of the Earth. Basic field data important for cartographers = Air and satellite survey are the most basic ways how to obtain pictures of the Earth. Basic field data important for cartographers = Location Location Altitude Altitude Dimensions Dimensions

Map generalization

Maps Map types according to theme: Map types according to theme: map plans map plans topographic maps topographic maps geographic maps geographic maps Every map includes also geographic grid (geographic coordinates) created by latitude (parallels) and longitude (meridians) Every map includes also geographic grid (geographic coordinates) created by latitude (parallels) and longitude (meridians)

Map scale the relation between the map distance and reality => 1 : m the relation between the map distance and reality => 1 : m  1 : 50, 000 means that 1 cm on the map represents 50,000 cm in reality, in other words 500 m or 0,5 km

Map scale Map types according to map scale Map types according to map scale large-scale maps (great focus representing small area with many details) large-scale maps (great focus representing small area with many details) e.g. 1 : (tourist map) e.g. 1 : (tourist map) medium-scale maps medium-scale maps e.g. 1 : (autoroute map) e.g. 1 : (autoroute map) small-scale maps (small focus representing large area with few details), small-scale maps (small focus representing large area with few details), e.g. 1 : (world map) e.g. 1 : (world map)

Cartographic projections

= methods of displaying the Earth´s surface = projections = methods of displaying the Earth´s surface = projections i.e. transferring 3D (world) to 2D (map) => distortions i.e. transferring 3D (world) to 2D (map) => distortions

Cartographic projections conform projections = angles are the same => appropriate for navigation, flights, etc. conform projections = angles are the same => appropriate for navigation, flights, etc. equivalent projections = areas are the same equivalent projections = areas are the same equidistant projections = distances are the same => the larger the area, the greater the distortion equidistant projections = distances are the same => the larger the area, the greater the distortion

Map content

= all the objects shown on the map by signs and symbols => physical and political maps = all the objects shown on the map by signs and symbols => physical and political maps Topographic content Topographic content Vertical segmentation = altitude (hypsometry) => contours – lines joining points with the same altitude => positive altitude (above sea level) and negative altitude (below sea level) Vertical segmentation = altitude (hypsometry) => contours – lines joining points with the same altitude => positive altitude (above sea level) and negative altitude (below sea level)

Map content Horizontal segmentation = planimetry = all points, lines and symbols representing vegetation, settlements, etc. using different colours Horizontal segmentation = planimetry = all points, lines and symbols representing vegetation, settlements, etc. using different colours

Map content Thematic content = points, lines and areas using special symbols and colours for special purposes => thematic maps, e.g. ecological, climatic, urban, population, etc. Thematic content = points, lines and areas using special symbols and colours for special purposes => thematic maps, e.g. ecological, climatic, urban, population, etc. legend (description) – inseparable part of all maps legend (description) – inseparable part of all maps

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