The MAss Spectrometer for Planetary EXploration (MASPEX) Tim Brockwell, Hunter Waite and Mark Libardoni Department of Space Science and Engineering Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 10th International Planetary Probe Workshop San Jose, CA - June 2013

Roadmap Introduction to MASPEX Operational and Performance Characteristics Mating MASPEX with GC×GC Proposed Flight Missions Questions and Discussions

MASPEX Overview Areas of enhanced performance include: MASPEX is a next generation spectrometer with significantly improved performance over existing instruments Areas of enhanced performance include: Extended mass range (>1000 amu) for heavy organic molecules Enhanced mass resolution (>30,000 M/dM) for critical isotopes Enhanced dynamic range (109 in a 1s period) for high S/N Improved sensitivity (better than 1ppt with cryo) for rare noble gases High throughput (>5000 samples/s) for rapid descent probes

MASPEX Built on MB-TOF Backbone Analyzer development has mainly concentrated on: Improved mechanical tolerance of the ion optics. Titanium and ceramic construction of mirror elements and strong back. Mass relieving of the major portions of the ion optics. Vibration testing of the analyzer with mass models of the ion source and detector. Generation-1 Generation-2 with orthogonal ion source Generation-3

Development of Multi-Bounce Time of Flight (MBTOF) Numerical simulations of ion trajectories showing focusing of multi-bounce ion packets. R(N) = NTo/2(Dt+NdT) 40cm & < 8kg Third generation MBTOF has successfully undergone vacuum and vibration tests.

MBTOF ION OPTICS Detector Drift tube Ion Source Reflectron-2 Ion Bunchers used to modify the focal lengths of the mirrors for stable ion motion Reflectron-1

Bulk Resistive Ceramic Mirrors Conventional Lab Reflectron Test fit. Ceramics when fired turn black

Dual Pickoff Detector Development Fast < 2 ns FwHM response time Low timing jitter Can be baked to 300 degree C High dynamic range >10^5 Fast recovery time ( no current “sag”) after large multiple ion events. Rugged Tested in a radiation environment Magnet B Original Concept Two-stage dual pickoff detector

MBTOF Performance Simulations demonstrate resolution using line shapes obtained in the lab. Performance allows MBTOF to separate isotopologues of CH4 and H2 in order to determine hydrogen and helium abundances. Survey Resolution m/∆m = 1800 m/∆m = 513 3He HD H3 Low Resolution signal (counts) High Resolution m/∆m = 10,200 m/∆m = 5968 13CH4 CH3D 13CH2D

MBTOF Performance (Survey Mode) Window number Low mass High mass 1 2.0 2.8 2 4.0 3 5.7 4 8.0 5 11.4 6 16.1 7 22.8 8 32.3 9 45.8 10 64.8 11 91.7 12 129.9 13 183.9 14 260.4 15 368.7 16 522.1 17 739.3 Survey Mode Tiles (6000 resolution) Lab data

Separation of CO from N2 M/DM = 13,500 MBTOF Performance (High-Resolution Mode) M/DM = 3000 Separation of CO from N2 M/DM = 13,500

Performance Overview Resolution Sensitivity Spatial Resolution D/H ratio in water is important for formation conditions of the Galilean satellites (H217O and HD16O : 12,283) Sensitivity Noble gases and trace organic species provide information about the formation and habitability. Using a cryo-trap in addition to a storage source enables ppb level organic materials to be measured Spatial Resolution The requirement to observe spatial features as small as 400km of orbital track need high scan rates to collect the data. MASPEX can operate at 5kHz across full mass range

Stand Alone Missions for MASPEX The versatility of the instrument allows application adaptability for multiple missions: Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer Missions (JUICE)

MACE – Mars Lander Proposal GC×GC TOFMS Pyrolysis

Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC) 1st Dimension Column-Long (non-polar) 2nd Dimension Column - Short (polar) Connected via a Modulator Benefits Large available peak capacity Increased detectibility Structured chromatograms 1D Text 2D Plot 3D View

Commercial Modulator Performance

GC×GC Hardware Development The Modulator is the heart of a GC×GC Requires LN2 or other media Requires large amount of Carrier Gas (valve based) Goal is to build a modulator that requires no cryogenic media, requires no external compressed gas and can effectively modulate from nC1 – nC100

Resistive Heating Modulator Cooling Lines O-ring Modulator Housing Insulating Sleeve Modulator Support Retaining Cap Thermal Modulator Libardoni, et al. - 2004

2-Stage Resistive Heating Two-Stage modulator evaluation Qualitative and quantitative studies Two-Stage will eliminate sweep through Libardoni, et al. - 2005

2-Stage Resistive Heating C6 – C20 Alkane mixture 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 W1/2 – 32 ms Time (s) Time (min) Libardoni, et al. - 2005

2-Stage Resistive Heating Two-Stage Modulator Design Cross Section of Modulator Thermodynamic Modeling Isometric View of Thermal Modulator SMARTMod Modulator Assembly Power Supply and Electronics

GC×GC-MBTOF

GC-MS Performance

GC×GC-TOF of Murchison

GC×GC-TOF of Oreugil

GC×GC-TOF of Tholin sample Time (sec) pyrrole methyl pyrrole dimethyl pyrrole trimethyl pyrrole tetramethyl pyrrole Time (sec)

Multi-bed Trap GC×GC-MS

Laser Thermal Desorption

MASPEX Summary Together these advanced capabilities will provide future missions with enhanced science return not previously available Some examples: PRIME: Exceptional resolution and sensitivity will allow unique determinations of noble gas isotopic ratios and ratios of stable isotopes in major volatiles, which are key to understanding solar system formation. Saturn Probe: High sample throughput provides precise measurements of noble gases and key volatiles during rapid descent. Again, these are critical for understanding solar system evolution. Mars 2020 Rover: Mating of MASPEX with GC×GC will deliver unparallel results for the determination of organics Return to Titan and Enceladus : Identity of large organic molecules and chiral characteristics used to identify biological activity and enable the search for life.

Acknowledgements Southwest Research Internal Research Funding (Grant #R8223) NSF, NASA, JPL – Director’s Funding University of Michigan Department of Atmospheric Oceanic and Space Science Department of Chemistry Tim Brockwell Hunter Waite Mark Libardoni Greg Miller Keith Pickens Dave Young Ryan Blase