M ANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Unit II :- Information System and Organization

M ANAGEMENT I NFORMATION S YSTEMS I NFORMATION S YSTEM AND O RGANIZATION What is an organization? Features of organizations Routines and business processes Organizational politics Organizational culture Organizational environments Organizational structure Other organizational features

M ANAGEMENT I NFORMATION S YSTEMS I NFORMATION S YSTEM AND O RGANIZATION The Two-Way Relationship Between Organizations and Information Technology This complex two-way relationship is mediated by many factors, not the least of which are the decisions made—or not made—by managers. Other factors mediating the relationship include the organizational culture, structure, politics, business processes, and environment.

M ANAGEMENT I NFORMATION S YSTEMS I NFORMATION S YSTEM AND O RGANIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Provides reports with fixed and standard formats Hard-copy and soft-copy reports Uses internal data stored in the computer system End users can develop custom reports Requires formal requests from users

M ANAGEMENT I NFORMATION S YSTEMS I NFORMATION S YSTEM AND O RG ANIZATION TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS KIND OF SYSTEM GROUPS SERVED STRATEGIC LEVEL SENIOR MANAGERS MANAGEMENT LEVEL MIDDLE MANAGERS KNOWLEDGE LEVEL KNOWLEDGE AND DATA WORKERS OPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL LEVEL MANAGERS SALES & MANUFACTURING FINANCE ACCOUNTING HUMAN MARKETING RESOURCES

M ANAGEMENT I NFORMATION S YSTEMS I NFORMATION S YSTEM AND O RGANIZATION TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS AT DIFFERENT ORGANIZATION LEVELS (ESS) EXECUTIVE SUPPORT SYSTEMS (ESS) (MIS) MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS) (DSS) DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS (DSS) (KWS) KNOWLEDGE WORK SYSTEMS (KWS) (OAS) OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS (OAS) (TPS) TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS (TPS) *

M ANAGEMENT I NFORMATION S YSTEMS I NFORMATION S YSTEM AND O RGANIZATION TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS (TPS) OPERATIONAL LEVEL INPUTS: TRANSACTIONS, EVENTS PROCESSING: UPDATING OUTPUTS: DETAILED REPORTS USERS: OPERATIVE PERSONNEL EXAMPLE: ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

M ANAGEMENT I NFORMATION S YSTEMS I NFORMATION S YSTEM AND O RGANIZATION (KWS) KNOWLEDGE WORK SYSTEMS (KWS) KNOWLEDGE LEVEL INPUTS: DESIGN SPECS PROCESSING: MODELLING OUTPUTS: DESIGNS, GRAPHICS USERS: PROFESSIONALS, TECHNICAL STAFF EXAMPLE: ENGINEERING WORK STATION

M ANAGEMENT I NFORMATION S YSTEMS I NFORMATION S YSTEM AND O RGANIZATION (OAS) OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS (OAS) TOWARD A “PAPERLESS” OFFICE INTEGRATED SOFTWARE NON-STRUCTURED DATA EXAMPLE: PRESENTATION GRAPHICS

M ANAGEMENT I NFORMATION S YSTEMS I NFORMATION S YSTEM AND O RGANIZATION (MIS) MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS) MANAGEMENT LEVEL INPUTS: HIGH VOLUME DATA PROCESSING: ROUTINE REPORTS, SIMPLE MODELS, LOW- LEVEL ANALYSIS OUTPUTS: SUMMARY REPORTS AND EXCEPTION REPORTS USERS: MIDDLE MANAGERS EXAMPLE: ANNUAL BUDGETING

M ANAGEMENT I NFORMATION S YSTEMS I NFORMATION S YSTEM AND O RGANIZATION DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS (DSS) MANAGEMENT LEVEL INPUTS: LOW VOLUME DATA PROCESSING: INTERACTIVE OUTPUTS: DECISION ANALYSIS USERS: PROFESSIONALS, STAFF EXAMPLE: CONTRACT COST ANALYSIS

M ANAGEMENT I NFORMATION S YSTEMS I NFORMATION S YSTEM AND O RGANIZATION EXECUTIVE SUPPORT SYSTEMS (ESS) STRATEGIC LEVEL INPUTS: AGGREGATE DATA PROCESSING: INTERACTIVE OUTPUTS: PROJECTIONS USERS: SENIOR MANAGERS EXAMPLE: 5 YEAR OPERATING PLAN

M ANAGEMENT I NFORMATION S YSTEMS I NFORMATION S YSTEM AND O RGANIZATION STRATEGIC ROLE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS STRATEGIC INFO SYSTEM: CAN CHANGE GOALS, PROCESSES, PRODUCTS, SERVICES OR ENVIRONMENT TO GAIN COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

M ANAGEMENT I NFORMATION S YSTEMS I NFORMATION S YSTEM AND O RGANIZATION Information Systems Why Do People Need Information? Individuals - Entertainment and enlightenment Businesses - Decision making, problem solving and control

M ANAGEMENT I NFORMATION S YSTEMS I NFORMATION S YSTEM AND O RGANIZATION Data vs. Information Data A “given,” or fact; a number, a statement, or a picture Represents something in the real world The raw materials in the production of information Information Data that have meaning within a context Data in relationships Data after manipulation

M ANAGEMENT I NFORMATION S YSTEMS I NFORMATION S YSTEM AND O RGANIZATION HOW IS EFFECT THE ENVIRONMENT Information Systems Careers Systems analyst, specialist in enterprise resource planning (ERP), database administrator, telecommunications specialist, consulting, etc. Knowledge Workers Managers and non-managers Employers seek computer-literate professionals who know how to use information technology. Computer Literacy Replacing Traditional Literacy Key to full participation in western society

M ANAGEMENT I NFORMATION S YSTEMS I NFORMATION S YSTEM AND O RGANIZATION ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES THE NOT-SO-BRIGHT SIDE Consumer Privacy Organizations collect (and sometimes sell) huge amounts of data on individuals. Employee Privacy IT supports remote monitoring of employees, violating privacy and creating stress.

M ANAGEMENT I NFORMATION S YSTEMS I NFORMATION S YSTEM AND O RGANIZATION Freedom of Speech IT increases opportunities for pornography, hate speech, intellectual property crime, an d other intrusions; prevention may abridge free speech. IT Professionalism No mandatory or enforced code of ethics for IT professionals-- unlike other professions. Social Inequality Less than 20% of the world’s population have ever used a PC; less than 3% have Internet access.