Comparing Cells from Different Parts of the Plant Advanced Plant and Soil Science (c) (14) (a) specialization of plant structures & functions  

Basic Parts of the Plant Roots Stems Leaves Flower http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/plants/basic.html

Functions of Roots 1. Anchor Plant 2. Absorb water and minerals 3. Translocate water and minerals to stem 4. Store Food http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/plants/plantstructures/section2.rhtml

Functions of Stems 1. Translocate water, minerals and food to the leaves 2. Support the leaves and display them to light 3. Store Food http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/plant-terms/stem-info.htm

1. Make food through photosynthesis 2. Provide site of gas exchange Functions of Leaves 1. Make food through photosynthesis 2. Provide site of gas exchange 3. Store food http://texastreeid.tamu.edu/content/howToID/

1. Contain organs for specialized sexual production Functions of Flowers 1. Contain organs for specialized sexual production 2. Produce seeds and fruit http://organicgardeningmagazine.info/flower-diagram/

Root Types Primary Roots Lateral or Secondary Roots Adventitious Roots Fibrous Roots Tap Roots Storage Roots Aerial Roots

Primary Root Definition: the first root produced by a germinating seed Arises from the radicle of the seedling, which grows to form lateral roots Axial Structure No Nodes and internodes Limited area near the root tip No nodes and internodes- no leaves or leaf like structures

Lateral or Secondary Roots Definition: roots that grow horizontally away from the primary root. http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/webb/BOT311/Roots/LateralRoots.htm

Adventitious Roots Definition: Roots developed from the stem that replace the primary root after it dies at an early stage. These roots are equal in size Give rise to lateral roots Develop in places other than nodes Can form cuttings and rhizomes Do not undergo secondary growth

Fibrous Roots Definition: root structures in which the primary and lateral roots develop equally so that there is not a definite taproots. Many finely branched secondary roots Primary root is short lived Do not branch profusely, are shallow and spread horizontally cannot provide strong anchorage Main root system of monocots Shallow roots cover a large are More effective absorption of water and minerals Roots hold the soil to prevent erosion

Tap Roots Definition: continuation of the primary root. Ideal for anchorage Penetration is greater for water Storage area for food made by photosynthesis Bares many branches Remains underground Usually found in dicots

http://homepage.smc.edu/hodson_kent/plant_growth/Angiosperms/ID/basics.htm

Storage Roots Definition: structures which are used for food storage. Swollen portions of primary roots or lateral roots Usually involves secondary growth in which the secondary xylem or phloem become filled with food reserves http://www.ibguides.com/biology/notes/plant-structure-and-growth

Aerial Roots Definition: short roots that grow horizontally from the stems Fasten the plant to a support Function as prop roots or anchorage More common in tropics http://home.howstuffworks.com/growing-orchids1.htm

What are roots composed of? Root cap Apical meristem Region of elongation Region of differentiation Xylem Phloem Root hairs

http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/roots.html

Definitions Root cap: covers the apical meristem and protects it from damage. Apical meristem: region of active cell division; the growing point of the plant. Region of elongation: cells here grow longitudinally which causes the root to grow longer. Region of differentiation: the region of mature primary tissues which is an area of active water and mineral absorption. Xylem: transports water and nutrients upward. Phloem: transports carbohydrates and sugars downward. Root hairs: increase surface area and aid in absorption.

Root Hairs Definition: tiny one celled hair like extensions of the epidermal cells located near the tips of the roots where vascular tissues have formed. Increase surface area Absorb water and minerals from soil http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab_5_roots_leaves/zea_root_hairs_high_magnif.html

Specialized Stems Corm Bulb Tuber Crown Spurs Rhizomes Stolon http://www.infovisual.info/01/015_en.html

Corm Ex. Gladiolus, crocus Underground Solid, fleshy, scale covered http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iii/angiosperm-morphology/underground-stem-modifications.php

Bulb Ex- tulips, lilies, onions Layers of fleshy scales that overlap each other Underground stem (tulips, lilies, onions) Layers of fleshy scales that overlap each other Underground stem http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iii/angiosperm-morphology/underground-stem-modifications.php

Tuber Ex- potato, caladium Food storage area Short, thick underground stem (potato, caladium) Food storage area Short, thick underground stem http://withfriendship.com/user/crook/tuber.php

Crown Ex- African Violets, fern Closely grouped stems or plantlets Just above ground or just below Picture- African violet http://www.thegardenhelper.com/ubb/ultimatebb.php/topic/28/50.html

Spurs Ex- pear and apple trees Short stems found on woody plant limbs adapted for increased production of fruits http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/stems4.html

Rhizomes Ex- iris, lily of the valley Underground stems Produce roots on the lower surface and extend leaves and flower shoots above the ground http://maryloudriedger2.wordpress.com/2011/11/01/a-rhizomatic-sunday/

Stolon Ex- strawberry, airplane plant Stem that grows horizontally above the soil surface http://floridagrasses.org/Grass%20Biology.htm

Tissues of the Leaf Epidermis Mesophyll layer Veins or vascular layer

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/leaftissue/leaftissue.html

Epidermis Cuticle Stomata Guard Cells Waxy substance covers the leaves and stems Waterproof layer that keeps water in plants Stomata Openings in the epidermis Exchange of gases Guard Cells Two cells located on each side of stomata Open and closes stomata

http://sbi3u1tdoust.edublogs.org/2010/06/01/monocots-and-dicots/

Mesophyll Layer Palisade mesophyll Primary site of photosynthesis Spongy mesophyll Contains air and chloroplasts Site of photosynthesis and gas exchange

Veins or vascular bundles Located in spongy mesophyll Phloem tissues conduct food from photosynthesis to rest of plant Xylem tissues conduct water and minerals up to cells in leaves and stems

Parts of a Flower Peduncle Receptacle tip of the stalk where the flower begins Receptacle starts at the peduncle and acts as a base to which all other parts of the flower are attached

Parts of a Flower Sepals Petals Outer covering of the flower bud Protects the stamens and pistils when flower is in bud stage Collectively called calyx Petals Inner whorl of leaves Protects stamen and pistils Attracts pollinating insects Known collectively as the corolla

Male Reproduction: Flower Stamen Male organs The number per flower varies Composed of two parts: Anther- produces pollen Filament- supports the anther

Female Reproduction: Flower Pistil Female organs There can be one or more Three parts: Stigma- holds the pollen grains and is sticky Style- connects the stigma to the ovary Ovary- enlarged portion at base of pistil and produces ovules which develop into seeds

The peduncle is the tip of the stalk where the flower begins The peduncle is the tip of the stalk where the flower begins. The receptacle starts at the peduncle and acts as a base to which all other parts of the flower are attached. http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/plants/plantstructures/section5.rhtml

References Comparison of Root, Stem and Leaf Structure and Function in Dicots. (n.d.). Welcome to Hillfield Strathallan College. Retrieved May 21, 2012, from http://www.hsc.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/plantphys/rootstem.html Primary Root Structure and Development . (n.d.). EEOB. Retrieved May 21, 2012, from www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/bio454/docs/404root104.pdf Root Structure and Function. (n.d.). Botanical Science . Retrieved May 21, 2012, from www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/botanicalsciences/plantsstructure/RootsS tructure/RootsStructure.htm Root System. (n.d.). BIO. Retrieved May 21, 2012, from www.nios.ac.in/srsec314newE/PDFBIO.EL6.pdf The Structure of Plants . (n.d.). The Structure of Plants . Retrieved May 21, 2012, from homepage.smc.edu/hodson_kent/plant_growth/Angiosperms/ID/basics.htm

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