19 The First World War World War I Begins QUIT 19 C H A P T E R The First World War CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE SECTION 1 World War I Begins MAP SECTION 2 American Power Tips the Balance SECTION 3 The War at Home GRAPH SECTION 4 Wilson Fights for Peace VISUAL SUMMARY

HOME 19 C H A P T E R The First World War CHAPTER OBJECTIVE To understand the causes of World War I, the reasons the United States entered the war in 1917, and the consequences of the war

19 The First World War I N T E R A C T HOME 19 C H A P T E R The First World War I N T E R A C T W I T H H I S T O R Y The year is 1917. A bitter war is raging in Europe—a war that has been called a threat to civilization. At home many people are urging America to wake up and get involved, while others are calling for the country to isolate itself and avoid the fight. Do you think America should enter the war? Examine the Issues • Is it right for America to intervene in foreign conflicts? • When American lives are threatened, how should the government respond? • Should America go to war to make the world “safe for democracy”?

19 The First World War The United States The World HOME TIME LINE C H A P T E R The First World War TIME LINE The United States The World 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife are assassinated. Germany declares war on Russia and France. Great Britain declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary. 1914 Hollywood, California, becomes the center of movie production in the United States. 1915 German U-boats sink the Lusitania, and 1,198 people die; Alexander Graham Bell makes first transcontinental telephone call. 1915 Albert Einstein proposes his general theory of relativity. 1916 Woodrow Wilson is reelected president. 1916 The battles of Verdun and the Somme claim millions of lives. 1917 The Selective Service Act sets up the draft; The United States declares war on Germany. 1917 Russia withdraws from the war. 1918 Congress passes the Sedition Act. President Wilson proposes the League of Nations. 1918 The Bolsheviks establish a Communist regime in Russia. The First World War ends. 1919 Congress approves the Nineteenth Amendment, granting women the vote. 1919 A worldwide influenza epidemic kills over 30 million.

1 World War I Begins KEY IDEA S E C T I O N 1 World War I Begins MAP HOME KEY IDEA Long-term tensions erupt into a devastating war among European nations, while the United States tries to remain neutral. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

1 World War I Begins OVERVIEW S E C T I O N 1 World War I Begins MAP HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW As World War I intensified, the United States was forced to abandon its neutrality. The United States remains involved in European and world affairs. TERMS & NAMES • nationalism • militarism • Allies • Lusitania • Zimmermann note • Archduke Franz Ferdinand • Central Powers • no man’s land • trench warfare ASSESSMENT

S E C T I O N 1 World War I Begins MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the causes for the outbreak of World War I. Causes of WWI alliance system nationalism imperialism militarism continued . . .

S E C T I O N 1 World War I Begins MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 2. Describe some ways in which World War I threatened the lives of civilians on both sides of the Atlantic. ANSWER German U-boats threatened transatlantic ships carrying civilians. continued . . .

S E C T I O N 1 World War I Begins MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 3. Why were America’s ties with the Allies stronger than its ties with the Central Powers? ANSWER Americans felt close ties to Britain because of a common ancestry and language, as well as similar political and legal institutions. Before the war, American trade with Britain and France was more than double that with Germany. During the war, trade with the Allies increased. continued . . .

S E C T I O N 1 World War I Begins MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 4. Why do you think Germany escalated its U-boat attacks in 1917? Think About: • Germany’s military buildup • the effects of the British blockade • Germany’s reason for using submarine warfare ANSWER Germany was finding it increasingly difficult to import foodstuffs and fertilizers. Famine spread throughout the country. Perhaps, Germany saw the United States’ refusal to challenge the blockade as an expression of allegiance to the Allies. Germany sent out U-boats prepared to sink any ship found in British waters. End of Section 1

American Power Tips the Balance S E C T I O N 2 American Power Tips the Balance HOME KEY IDEA American forces, though poorly equipped at the outset, tip the balance decisively in favor of the Allies. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

American Power Tips the Balance S E C T I O N 2 American Power Tips the Balance HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The United States mobilized a large army and navy to help the Allies achieve victory. During World War I, the United States military evolved into the powerful fighting force that it remains today. TERMS & NAMES • Eddie Rickenbacker • Selective Service Act • convoy system • conscientious objector • armistice • American Expeditionary Force • General John J. Pershing • Alvin York ASSESSMENT

American Power Tips the Balance S E C T I O N 2 American Power Tips the Balance HOME ASSESSMENT 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Provide several examples of how the Americans responded to the war. The government encouraged people to work in the shipyards. The government quickly raised an army and navy. American Responses to World War I American troops were enthusiastic participants in the conflict. American troops helped turn the tide against the Central Powers. continued . . .

American Power Tips the Balance S E C T I O N 2 American Power Tips the Balance HOME ASSESSMENT 2. In what ways did WWI represent a frightening new kind of warfare? Think About: • the casualty figures • new military technology • shell shock ANSWER World War I introduced mechanized warfare. This new technology meant that more soldiers could be attacked from a greater distance than ever before. Fire power increased and casualty rates skyrocketed. The horrific conditions on the battlefront led many to suffer from shell shock. End of Section 2

S E C T I O N 3 The War at Home GRAPH HOME KEY IDEA The war unleashes a series of disruptions in American society as the United States government attempts to meet the demands of modern warfare. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

3 The War at Home OVERVIEW S E C T I O N 3 The War at Home GRAPH HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW World War I spurred social, political, and economic change in the United States. Such changes increased government powers and expanded economic opportunities. TERMS & NAMES • War Industries Board • Bernard M. Baruch • Espionage and Sedition Acts • Great Migration • propaganda • George Creel ASSESSMENT

Changes Brought About by the War S E C T I O N 3 The War at Home GRAPH HOME ASSESSMENT 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List some of the changes that the war brought about for each group listed in the chart. Changes Brought About by the War African Americans war accelerated the Great Migration expanded job opportunities Women hired as workers in jobs once exclusively held by men Immigrants encountered suspicion and persecution continued . . .

S E C T I O N 3 The War at Home GRAPH HOME ASSESSMENT 2. How did the war affect government power? Think About: • how private business worked with government • how much control the president gained over the economy • the Espionage and Sedition Acts ANSWER The war expanded government power over private business and the economy and interfered with civil liberties and free speech. continued . . .

S E C T I O N 3 The War at Home GRAPH HOME ASSESSMENT 3. Why do you think the flu spread so quickly among the troops? ANSWER The flu spread so quickly among the troops because of the cramped living conditions. continued . . .

S E C T I O N 3 The War at Home GRAPH HOME ASSESSMENT 4. Do you think that the war had a positive or negative effect on American society? Think About: • how the propaganda campaign influenced people’s behavior • the new job opportunities for African Americans and women • how the government controlled industry ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSES: Positive effects of the war: expanded opportunities for African Americans and women Negative effects of the war: increased government control and eroded personal liberties; encouraged persecution of ethnic groups End of Section 3

Wilson Fights for Peace S E C T I O N 4 Wilson Fights for Peace HOME KEY IDEA President Wilson’s plans for peace are modified by Allied leaders in Europe and by Americans who are eager to remove the country from foreign entanglements. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

Wilson Fights for Peace S E C T I O N 4 Wilson Fights for Peace HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW European leaders opposed most of Wilson’s peace plan, and the U.S. Senate failed to ratify the peace treaty. Many of the nationalist issues left unresolved after World War I continue to trouble the world today. TERMS & NAMES • Fourteen Points • League of Nations • Georges Clemenceau • war-guilt clause • Henry Cabot Lodge • David Lloyd George • Treaty of Versailles • reparations ASSESSMENT

Wilson Fights for Peace The Treaty of Versailles S E C T I O N 4 Wilson Fights for Peace HOME ASSESSMENT 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the provisions and weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles, and explain the opposition to it. WEAKNESSES OPPOSITION The Treaty of Versailles PROVISIONS continued . . .

The Treaty of Versailles S E C T I O N 4 HOME 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the provisions and weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles, and explain the opposition to it. The Treaty of Versailles Established nine new countries PROVISIONS Shifted boundaries of many countries Punished Germany Hoover and others considered it too harsh. Humiliated Germany WEAKNESSES Ignored Russia OPPOSITION Some considered it a sellout to imperialism. Ignored self-determination Some ethnic groups objected to new boundaries. continued . . .

Wilson Fights for Peace S E C T I O N 4 Wilson Fights for Peace HOME ASSESSMENT 2. Why didn’t the Treaty of Versailles lay the foundations for a lasting peace? ANSWER The Treaty of Versailles created resentment among the German citizens and their government officials. continued . . .

Wilson Fights for Peace S E C T I O N 4 Wilson Fights for Peace HOME ASSESSMENT 3. Why did so many Americans oppose the Treaty of Versailles? ANSWER Many Americans believed that the treaty was too harsh, and the economic consequences would ruin Europe and the United States. continued . . .

Wilson Fights for Peace S E C T I O N 4 Wilson Fights for Peace HOME ASSESSMENT 4. Predict Germany’s reaction to the Treaty of Versailles. Think About: • what Germans thought of the war-guilt clause • German reaction to reparations • how Germans felt about the loss of territory ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSE: Germans, enraged by the harsh terms set for them in the treaty, would one day seek revenge. End of Section 4