Faculty of Engineering Technology & Research. Isroli, Afwa.

Civil 13 group. no 2 Name Enrollment no Roll no Khunt Kanthan L. 130840106018 11 Bavasiya Milan J. 130840106003 16 Babariya Chirag H. 130840106002 19 Vala Jitu M. 130840106063 24 Dabhi Nitin M. 130840106011 12 Patel Hetul P. 130840106034 25 Shera Parshant 130840106059 38 Guided by - Mr. Shivang Dabhi -Miss Ankita Upadhyay

Surveying and leveling

Introduction of surveying and leveling Surveying is the art and sciences of determining of the relative position of different points or stations on the surface of the surface of the earth by measuring the horizontal and vertical distances, angle, and taking in details of this points and by preparing map or plan for the suitable scale. Leveling is the branch of surveying which deals with the measurement of the relative highest of different points on or below the surface of the earth. Surveying include measurements of distance and angles in horizontal and vertical plane and leveling is the measurements of highest in vertical plane.  

Chain, tape, compass, level and theodolite are instruments use for surveying. Surveying fixes the relative position of different points and station on the surface of the earth. It also includes measurement of area and volumes. Basic aim of surveying is to prepare a map or plan to some scale. It is carried out to fix alignment of road, railway and canal. It is also useful in selecting the site for the construction of structure. Electronics total station and Global Positioning System (GPS) are the modern electronic digital instruments for the surveying work. Remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) are adopted for Surveying and planning of many civil engineering projects.

OBJECTIVE OF SURVEYING The object of surveying is to prepare a map or plan to show relative position of points or the object on the surface of the earth. The map or plan is draw to some suitable scale. It shows the boundaries of districts, state and countries too. It is also include details of different engineering features such as building, roads, railways, dams, canals etc. OBJECTIVE OF SURVEYING

USES OF SURVEYING To prepare cadastral map Surveying may be use for the following properties To prepare cadastral map To prepare an engineering map To prepare the contour map To prepare military map To prepare geological map, archeological map etc.

PRIMARY DIVISION OF SURVEYING We know that the shape of surface of earth is spherical. Thus, the surface is obviously curved. Surveying is primarily divided into two types considering the curvature of earth’s surface. Plans Surveying Geodetic surveying

Plane surveying& Geodetic surveying

Different between plan surveying and geodetic surveying NO. Plan surveying Geodetic surveying 1. The earth surface is considered as a plane surface. The earth surface is considered as a curved surface 2. The curvature of earth surface is ignored. The curvature of earth surface is taken in account. 3. Line joining any two points is considered to be straight. Line joining any two points is considered to be curve. 4. The triangle formed by any three points is considered as a plane triangle. The triangle formed by any three points is considered as a spherical triangle. 5. The angle of triangle is considered as plane angle. The angle of triangle is considered as spherical angle. 6. Carried out for a small area <250km2 Carried out for a large area >250km2

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPAL OF SURVEYING Two basic principles of surveying Always work from the whole to the part To locate a new station by at least two measurement form fixed reference points

1.Always work from the whole to the part

2.To locate a new station by at least two measurements from fixed

Classification of Surveying Based on Instrument Based on Methods Based on Purposes Based on nature of field

1. Classification based upon Instrument Chain Survey Compass Survey Chain and Compass Surveying Plane Table Survey Theodolite Survey Tachometry Survey Leveling Survey Photogrammetric Survey EDM Survey

The chain surveying This is the simplest type of surveying in which only linear measurement are made with a chain or a tape. Angular measurement are not taken.

The compass survey It has very important and critical application in the military. Aerial surveys are conducted for this purpose. It is conducted to locate strategic positions for the purpose of army operations.

Chain or compass survey

Plane or table survey It is a graphical method of surveying in which field works and plotting both are done simultaneously

The theodolite survey In theodolite survey, the horizontal angles are measured with theodolite more precisely than compass and the linear measureme nt made with a chain or tape. In theodolite survey, the horizontal angles are measured with a theodolite more precisely than compass and the linear measurements are made with a chain or a tape.

The tacheometry survey A special type of theodolite known as tachometer is used to determine Horizontal and vertical distance indirectly.

Leveling survey This type of survey is used to determine the vertical distances and relative Heights of points with the help of an instrument known as level.

The photogrammetric survey Photogrammetric is the sciences of taking measurement with the help of the photographs taken by aerial camera from the air craft.

EDM survey In this type of survey, all measurements are made with the help of EDM instrument.

2. Classification based on Methods Triangulation Traversing

3. Classification based on Purpose Geological Survey Mine Survey Archaeological Survey Military Survey

4. classification based on nature of field Land survey Hydrographic survey Astronomic survey Aerial survey

PLANS AND MAPS One of the basic objectives of surveying is to prepare plans and maps.

Plan A plan is the graphical representation, to some scale, of the features on, near or below the surface of the earth as projected on a horizontal plane. The horizontal plane is represented by the plan of the drawing sheet on which the plan is drawn to some scale. However, the surface of the earth is curved; it can not be truly represented on a plan without distortion. In plane surveying, the areas involved are small, the earth’s surface may be considered as a plane and hence a plan is constructed by orthographic projections.

MAP If the scale of the graphical projection on a horizontal plane is small, the plane is called a map. Thus graphical representation is called a plan if the scale is large while it is called a map if the scale is small.

SCALE It is the basic requirement for the preparation of plans or maps. Scale is used to represent large distance on paper. The ratio by which the actual length of the object is reduced or increased in the drawing is known as ‘scale’. For an example, if 1 cm on a map represents a distance of 10 meters on the ground, the scale of the map is said to be 1 cm = 10 m.

Representative Fraction (RF) The ratio of the distance on the drawing to the corresponding actual length of the object on the ground is known as the representative fraction. i.e. RF= distance of object on drawing corresponding actual distance of object on ground

Types of scales Plain scale Diagonal scale Chord scale Vernier scale

Plain scale

Diagonal scale

Vernier scale

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