1 Chapter 7 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

2 Psychoactive Drugs A drug which alters a person’s experiences or consciousness Can cause intoxication A state in which sometimes unpredictable physical and emotional changes occur A state in which sometimes unpredictable physical and emotional changes occur © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

3 What Is Addiction? Addiction traditionally used only when the habitual use of a drug produced chemical changes in the user’s body Tolerance: body’s adaptation to drug Tolerance: body’s adaptation to drug Concept of addiction as a disease process, based in brain chemistry rather than moral failing, led to many advances Addictive behaviors are habits that have gotten out of control, resulting in negative effects on a person’s health © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

4 Characteristics of Addictive Behavior Reinforcement Compulsion or Craving Loss of Control Escalation Negative Consequences © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

5 Addictive Behavior The development of addiction Often starts when person does something to bring pleasure or to avoid pain Often starts when person does something to bring pleasure or to avoid pain Characteristics of people with addictions Difficulty dealing with stress and painful emotions Difficulty dealing with stress and painful emotions Risk-takers, impulse control problems Risk-takers, impulse control problems Examples of addictive behaviors: Compulsive gambling Compulsive gambling Compulsive exercising Compulsive exercising Work addiction Work addiction Sex and love addiction Sex and love addiction Compulsive buying or shopping Compulsive buying or shopping Internet addiction Internet addiction © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

6 Drug Use, Abuse, and Dependence Drugs are chemicals other than food that are intended to affect the structure or function of the body Prescription medicines Prescription medicines Over-the-counter substances Over-the-counter substancesCaffeineTobaccoAlcohol Illegal substances Illegal substances © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

7 Drug Abuse The APA’s Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – authoritative reference Abuse: APA definition Recurrent drug use, resulting in failure to fulfill major responsibilities Recurrent drug use, resulting in failure to fulfill major responsibilities Drug use in situations that are physically hazardous Drug use in situations that are physically hazardous Drug-related legal problems Drug-related legal problems Drug use despite persistent social or interpersonal problems Drug use despite persistent social or interpersonal problems Physical dependency may or may not present Physical dependency may or may not present © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

8 Drug Dependence Substance dependence 1. Developing tolerance to the substance 2. Experiencing withdrawal 3. Taking in larger amounts 4. Expressing a persistent desire to cut down 5. Spending great deal of time getting, using, or recovering from the substance 6. Giving up or reducing important activities 7. Continual usage despite the knowledge of a problem Diagnosis with at least 3 or more symptoms during a 12-month period © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

9 Who Uses Drugs? Drug Users All income and education levels All income and education levels All ethnic groups All ethnic groups All ages All ages People more likely to try drugs Young people are at a higher risk Young people are at a higher risk Males (Twice as likely) Males (Twice as likely) Troubled adolescents Troubled adolescents Thrill-seekers Thrill-seekers Members of dysfunctional families Members of dysfunctional families Members of peer groups that accept drug use Members of peer groups that accept drug use People who live in disadvantaged areas People who live in disadvantaged areas Teen girls who date older boys Teen girls who date older boys © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

10 Why Do People Use Drugs? ExperimentEscapeCopingReliance Social surroundings © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

11 Risk Factors for Dependence Psychological risks Difficulty in controlling impulses Difficulty in controlling impulses Strong need for excitement, Strong need for excitement, stimulation, automatic gratification stimulation, automatic gratification Feelings of rejection Feelings of rejection Hostility Hostility Aggression Aggression Anxiety Anxiety Depression Depression Mental illness Mental illness © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

12 Other Risks of Drug Use Intoxication Unexpected side effects Unknown drug constituents Risks associated with injection drug use Legal consequences © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

13 How Drugs Affect the Body  Changes in Brain chemistry  Drug factors: Pharmacological properties Pharmacological properties Dose-response function Dose-response function Time-action function Time-action function Drug use history Drug use history Method of use Method of use  User Factors  Social Factors © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

14 Representative Psychoactive Drugs Opioids (narcotics) Natural or synthetic Natural or synthetic Opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, meperidine, and fentanyl Effects Effects Medical Uses Medical Uses Methods of administration Methods of administration Injection, snorting, sniffing, or smoking Symptoms of overdose Symptoms of overdose © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

15 Representative Psychoactive Drugs Central Nervous System Depressants (Sedative Hypnotics) Slow down the overall activity of the CNS Slow down the overall activity of the CNS Types Types Barbiturates (“downers”) Sedatives or tranquilizers Effects Effects Medical uses Medical uses From use to abuse From use to abuse Overdosing Overdosing © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

16 Central Nervous System Stimulants Speed up the activity of the nervous or muscular system Cocaine Cocaine Methods of use Effects Abuse and dependence Use during pregnancy © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

17 Central Nervous System Stimulants Amphetamines (“uppers”) Effects Effects From use to abuse From use to abuse State dependence Dependence Methamphetamine Methamphetamine Ritalin Ritalin Caffeine Caffeine © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

18 Marijuana and Other Cannabis Products Cannabis Sativa THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) Short-term effects and uses Depersonalization Depersonalization Long-term effects Respiratory damage Respiratory damageDependence © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

19 Hallucinogens LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, STP, DMT, MDMA, ketamine, PCP (angel dust), and certain mushrooms Effects Altered states of consciousness, perceptions, feelings and thoughts Altered states of consciousness, perceptions, feelings and thoughts LSD effects Synesthesia Synesthesia Altered states of consciousness Altered states of consciousness Flashbacks Flashbacks © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

20 Inhalants Types Types Volatile solvents AerosolsNitritesAnesthetics Methods of use Methods of useSniffingSnorting“Bagging”“Huffing” Effects Effects Nearly all inhalants produce effects similar to those of anesthetics, which slow down body functions © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

21 Drug Use: The Decades Ahead Drug research Drugs, society, and families Legalizing drugs Drug Testing © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

22 Treatment for Drug Dependence Medication-assisted treatment Drug substitution Drug substitution Treatment centers Self-help groups and peer counseling AA AA NA NA Harm reduction strategies Codependency © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

23 Preventing Drug Abuse Governmental attempts Anti-drug education programs Indirect approaches Building young people’s self-esteem Building young people’s self-esteem Improving their academic skills Improving their academic skills Increasing their recreational opportunities Increasing their recreational opportunities Direct approaches Informing them about the adverse effects of drugs Informing them about the adverse effects of drugs Peer pressure resistance Peer pressure resistance © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

24 Chapter 7 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.