SEARCH AND RESCUE SATELLITE AIDED TRACKING (SARSAT)

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Presentation transcript:

SEARCH AND RESCUE SATELLITE AIDED TRACKING (SARSAT)

Introduction History User Segment Space segment Use of GPS in Location Protocol Beacons LEOSAR and GEOSAR systems Advantages/Disadvantages of each system USMCC and SAR Future of SARSAT

Introduction COSPAS = COsmicheskaya Systyema Poiska Aariynyich Sudov Which loosely translates into: “The Space System for the Search of Vessels in Distress” SARSAT = Search And Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking

It’s about saving lives… In short, Cospas-Sarsat works Introduction It’s about saving lives… The Cospas-Sarsat Program protects life and property by providing accurate, timely, and reliable distress alert and location information to search and rescue authorities. In short, Cospas-Sarsat works to take the “search” out of Search & Rescue

Introduction Services are provided world-wide and free of charge for the user in distress Alerts are provided using satellite and ground systems to detect, process, and relay the transmissions of emergency beacons operating on 406 MHz

History First beacons were 121.5/243 MHz Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs) designed for military aircraft in the 1950’s. U.S. Congress mandated ELTs on all U.S. aircraft after Boggs-Begich tragedy in SE Alaska in early 1970’s. Canada follows suit. Problems soon emerge: No identification of aircraft/beacon Designed for audible detection by over-flying aircraft No means of accurately locating ELTs

History 1978: Canada, France and the USA agree to co-operate on the development of the SARSAT low-altitude polar orbiting system to: Locate existing 121.5 MHz beacons Develop a new technology for improved performance = 406 MHz Russia declares its interest in co-operating with the objective of ensuring inter-operability of their COSPAS system with SARSAT. Cooperative venture: Governments were looking for additional cooperative efforts after success of Apollo-Soyuz and the humanitarian nature of SAR was an easy fit…

History 1982: First Cospas satellite Cospas-1 (USSR) launched in June 1982. First rescue in September 1982 1983: Second Cospas and First Sarsat satellites NOAA-8 satellite (USA) with Canadian (SARR) and French (SARP) instruments 1985: System declared operational 406 MHz beacon technology arrives

Over 40 Countries Participate International Participation Over 40 Countries Participate

Research & Development Representative to Cospas-Sarsat Program U.S. SARSAT Program SARSAT is a part of the international Cospas-Sarsat Program. The four multi-department agencies involved in the U.S. portion of SARSAT are: Inland SAR Maritime SAR Research & Development System Operation Representative to Cospas-Sarsat Program

COSPAS-SARSAT User Segment The system consists of a network of satellites, ground stations, mission control centres, and rescue coordination centres. When an emergency beacon is activated, the signal is received by a satellite and relayed to the nearest available ground station. The ground station, called a Local User Terminal, processes the signal and calculates the position from which it originated. This position is transmitted to a mission control centre where it is joined with identification data and other information on that beacon.The mission control centre then transmits an alert message to the appropriate rescue coordination centre based on the geographic location of the beacon. If the location of the beacon is in another country's area of responsibility, then the alert is transmitted to that country's mission control centre. The SARSAT system uses satellites in low-earth and geostationary orbits to detect and locate aviators, mariners, and land-based users in distress. The system is designed to provide distress alert and location data to assist search and rescue (SAR) operations, using spacecraft and ground facilities to detect and locate the signals of distress beacons operating on 406 Megahertz (MHz) or 121.5 MHz. EPIRB ELT PLB

Emergency Beacons EPIRBs ELTs PLBs SSAS The search and rescue satellite system provides alerting services for the following types of beacons: Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs) for aviation use Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs) for maritime use Personal Locator Beacons (PLBs) for applications which are neither aviation or maritime Beacons operating at 406 MHz and 121.5 MHz are compatible with the Cospas-Sarsat System; however, the operational capabilities of the System are different for these two types of beacons. An analogue 121.5 MHz distress beacon is a small electronic device that emits a radio signal to help rescue authorities locate your position in a life-threatening emergency. The signal is picked up by polar-orbiting satellites and aircraft monitoring the 121.5 MHz frequency. When these devices are detected by satellite, you can be located to within 20 kilometres. Aircraft can home on your beacon signals leading them directly to the target. Detection takes an average of 90 minutes in Australia but can be up to five hours. The 406 MHz distress beacon emits both an analogue 121.5 MHz signal and a digital 406 MHz signal. The digital signal carries a code which identifies the beacon while the analogue signal is to enable aircraft to home on location. That digital code can be cross referenced with a database of registered 406 MHz beacon owners held at AMSA which identifies who is in trouble and what type of situation they are in. This enables the search and rescue authorities to tailor a response to the emergency situation. A 406 MHz beacon narrows its position to within 5 kilometres. This can be reduced to just 120 metres if the beacon includes a Global Positioning System. Detection of 406 MHz beacons can be near instantaneous from a geo-stationary satellite. SSAS

COSPAS-SARSAT User Segment Activation: Manual Automatic (Hydrostatic/G-Switch) Signal: 406 MHz (Digital) 121.5 MHz (Analog) Homing Applications: Maritime - Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB) Aviation - Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) Personal/Land - Personal Locator Beacon (PLB) Security – Ship Security Alerting System (SSAS) * Most U.S. general aviation ELTs are still 121.5 MHz which are no longer monitored by Cospas-Sarsat

Positive Attributes of 406 MHz Every beacon has unique 15 hex identification Unique ID allows registration with contact information Non-Distress activations can be terminated with a phone call Reduces stress on SAR assets More powerful transmitter (5 watts vs. 75 milliwatts) and digital signal increases accuracy of location by Doppler processing The system can discriminate between real beacon transmissions and non- beacon transmissions which reduces the resources spent on tracking interfering sources Global coverage provided by store and forward capability of Cospas- Sarsat satellites Increased system capacity due to short duration transmission, and spreading of frequency allocation

COSPAS-SARSAT User Segment

Satellites Types 2 Types of Satellites: Low Earth Orbiting Search And Rescue (LEOSAR)- 6 on Orbit - Altitude: 500 miles in “Pole-Pole” orbit - Performs Doppler locating function (primary means of locating…not GPS) - Stores & Forwards alerts continuously for 48 hours (provides worldwide coverage and total system redundancy) Geostationary Orbiting Search And Rescue (GEOSAR)- 5 on Orbit - Altitude: 23,000 miles in fixed orbit - Performs instantaneous alerting function. No locating capability unless beacon is equipped with GPS. - Coverage from 70N – 70S

LEOSAR Satellites Polar orbiting take approximately 101-105 minutes to orbit Orbit is approximately 850 km in altitude Earth rotates 25 degrees longitude per orbit Provides global coverage Presently, 5 operational (S7, S8, S10, S11, S12 and S13)

3 distinct orbit planes w 2 satellites in each plane LEOSAR Satellites Polar orbiting and 101-105 min. per orbit Orbit is 850 km in altitude Earth rotates 25 degrees longitude per orbit Provides global coverage twice per day Presently, 6 operational (S7, S8, S10, S11, S12 and S13) 3 distinct orbit planes w 2 satellites in each plane

LEOSAR Instantaneous Coverage Real Time Tracking available at : http://www.sarsat.noaa.gov/sat-tracking.html

LEO Local and Global Coverage Detection of a 406 MHz beacon may use mutual visibility between beacon, satellite and ground station (LUT) 406 MHz beacon detections can be stored on board the satellite and re-broadcast later Local Coverage

Determining Beacon Locations From LEO Doppler Data T1 T2 T3 850 km 3400 km Distress Beacon GEOMETRY FOR OVERHEAD PASS Frequency High Actual Low Time DOPPLER SHIFT CAUSES FREQUENCY TO APPEAR HIGHER THAN ACTUAL DOPPLER SHIFT CAUSES FREQUENCY TO APPEAR LOWER THAN ACTUAL TIME OF CLOSET APPROACH (AND ACTUAL FREQUENCY)

Resolving Ambiguity Two Pass Solution for a Beacon Located in Brazil 2 1 Two Pass Solution for a Beacon Located in Brazil LEGEND: ground tracks of successive spacecraft orbits 1A, 1B Real and Image solutions from pass 1 2A, 2B Real and Image solutions from pass 2 1 2

GEOSAR Satellites At a fixed point 36,000 km above the Earth’s surface Continually monitors a large area of Earth’s surface Covers up to +/- 75o latitude Presently have 6 operational (Electro-1, GOES-12, GOES-13, GOES-15, INSAT-3A, and MSG 3) No Doppler shift capability

GEOSAR Satellites Indian National Satellite Meteosat Second Generation (INSAT) Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) GEOSAR Satellites

GEOSAR Satellites (Cont.) Geosynchronous Operational and Environmental Satellite (GOES) GEOSAR Satellites (Cont.) Electro – L1 Meteorological Satellite

GEOSAR Coverage Worldwide real-time coverage Real Time Tracking available at : http://www.sarsat.noaa.gov/sat-tracking.html

Advantages of LEOSAR System Locates beacons using Doppler shift processing. GEOSAR system does not have Doppler capability. Provides global coverage for 406 MHz. GEOSAR system does not cover the polar areas. Provides improved detection probability for obstructed beacons that can’t be seen by GEOSAR such as mountain ranges or canyons (see next slide) Receives higher power levels from beacons, which increases the probability for beacon detection. Advantages of LEOSAR System over the GEOSAR System

Beacon Detection with Obstruction GEO Satellite Path of LEO satellite. Beacon RF Coverage

Advantages of GEOSAR System over the LEOSAR System Near instantaneous detection. Near instantaneous location determination for beacons with GPS capacity Continuous monitoring of ~1/3 of Earth’s surface

Advantages of a combined LEOSAR/GEOSAR System Real Time Tracking available at : http://www.sarsat.noaa.gov/sat-tracking.html

Location Protocol Beacons 4 GPS Satellites Use of GPS in Location Protocol Beacons LUT C/S Satellites 406 MHz Message with Embedded GPS location 15% of beacons are Location Protocol

406 MHz Beacon with GPS Receiver Location Protocol Beacons C/S Satellites 4 GPS Satellites LUT 406 MHz Message with Embedded GPS location GPS Satellites 24-satellite constellation 4 satellites in view at all times Minimum of 3 satellites needed to compute locations. Additional satellites improve accuracy. Transmit time and orbital data 406 MHz Beacon with GPS Receiver Uses satellite-beacon time difference to calculate distance from each GPS satellite Uses GPS satellite orbital data and distance from beacon to calculate beacon location. Encodes location in 406 MHz message. Use of GPS in Location Protocol Beacons

Ground Segment

LEOLUTS and GEOLUTS (Cospas-Sarsat Ground Stations) LEOSAR Local User Terminals (LEOLUT) Track COSPAS and SARSAT satellites (POES & METOP) Recover beacon signals Perform error checking Perform Doppler processing Send alert to Mission Control Center GEOSAR Local User Terminals (GEOLUT) Track GOES, MSG, & INSAT satellites Recover beacon signals Perform error checking Send alert to Mission Control Center

Ground Segment 57 LEOLUTs in 46 Locations

Ground Segment 23 GEOLUTs in 20 Locations

Mission Control Centres (MCCs) Receive alerts from national LUTs and foreign MCCs. Validate, match and merge alerts to improve location accuracy and determine the correct destination. Query 406 MHz Registration Database and transmit registration info with distress alert. Transmit alerts (SIT msgs) to Rescue Coordination Centers (RCCs) and SAR Points of Contact (SPOC) and filters redundant data. Most MCC functions are handled automatically…no manual intervention = efficiency! NOTE: for 406 MHz only USMCC Suitland, Maryland

Importance of Registration Identification Digital data transmitted by beacon provides nationality and type of beacon Tail number or other identifying information can be encoded into the beacon Registration Database provides additional information such as owner/operator, and can include specifics on aircraft or vessel Use of Registration Database to contact owner or emergency POC; this allows rescue forces to get more detailed information such as nature of emergency, severity of injuries, number of people involved, etc. and can help determine if alert is actual distress In most cases, false alerts are resolved prior to launch of resources, saving taxpayer $$

406 MHz Beacon Users in the U.S. www.beaconregistration.noaa.gov

Search and Rescue Segment

U.S. SAR Partners Search and Rescue Partners: Cospas-Sarsat Lead, Satellite Information SAR Services DOC DOI Research and Development SAR Facilities DOD NASA SAR Facilities Regulations for Radio Facilities FCC DHS

Rescue Coordination Centers (RCC) Receive SARSAT Distress Alerts from MCCs Coordinate the Rescue Response

US RCCs & their Search and Rescue Areas of Responsibility AKRCC Elmendorf AFB RCC CLEVELAND RCC JUNEAU RCC SEATTLE RCC BOSTON NOTE: for 406 MHz only AFRCC Tyndall AFB RCC NORFOLK RCC HONOLULU RCC ALAMEDA RCC GUAM RCC SAN JUAN RCC MIAMI RCC NEW ORLEANS

National Rescue Data Number rescued world-wide since 1982: over 32,000 Number rescued in United States since 1982: 7,000 CY 2012 – 263 Rescues in 111 Events Rescues at sea:   182 people rescued in 54 incidents Aviation rescues:   22 people rescued in 13 incidents Terrestrial rescues: 59 people rescued in 44 incidents

Future Enhancements Current Limitations GEOSAR: Coverage limited to 70N to 70S Fixed geometry to emergency beacon No Doppler or independent location capability LEOSAR: Waiting time Payload configuration fixed System: Performance variations between SAR payloads System reliability

Future Enhancements Repeaters will be flown on Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites Will utilize 3 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) constellations GPS (USA) GLONASS (Russia) Galileo (Europe) Current plan is to have 24 US MEOSAR instruments 72 MEOSAR instruments total

Future Capability – Medium Earth Orbit SAR System (MEOSAR) Future Enhancements Future Capability – Medium Earth Orbit SAR System (MEOSAR) Improved Position Accuracy Decrease in waiting time Robust Space Segment which operates even if some of the satellites fail

Any Questions? www.sarsat.noaa.gov