Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 4 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Objectives Identify and locate topographic terms on the body. Describe anatomy and functions of the major body systems.

The Planes of the Body Anterior Posterior Midaxillary Midline Midclavicular line

Directional Terms Right and left Superior and inferior Lateral and medial Proximal and distal Superficial and deep Ventral and dorsal Palmar and plantar Apices and bilateral

Anatomic Positions Prone Supine Trendelenburg’s position Fowler’s position

The Skeletal System Gives form to the body Protects vital organs Consists of 206 bones Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles Designed to permit motion of the body

Additional Explanation Bone Man Additional Explanation

The Skull Orbit

The Neck (1 of 2)

The Neck (2 of 2) Additional Explanation Trachea Esophagus Cervical Vertebrae Larynx Trachea Esophagus Additional Explanation

The Spinal Column 7 12 5 5 4 33

The Spinal Column C7 is Prominent 7 Ribs 12 5 5 4 33 12

The Thorax & Chest Cavity (1 of 2) Cavity is protected by: T12

The Thorax & Chest Cavity (2 of 2) Chest Cavity contains: Heart Great Vessels Esophagus Lungs Separated from abdomen by diaphragm Additional Explanation

The Abdomen (1 of 2) The abdomen is the second major body cavity. It contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. Chest Cavity RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ Pancreas

The Abdomen (2 of 2)

The Pelvis

The Lower Extremity Hip Thigh Knee Leg Ankle Foot ALL Neck of Femur Largest Joint in Body

The Upper Extremity (1 of 2) Shoulder girdle Arm A/C Joint Additional Explanation

The Upper Extremity (2 of 2) Additional Explanation

Joints Ball-and-Socket Joint Hinge Joint

Functions of the Musculoskeletal System Gives the body shape Protects internal organs Provides for movement Consists of more than 600 muscles

Types of Muscle (1 of 2) Skeletal (voluntary) muscle Attached to the bones of the body Smooth (involuntary) muscle Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body

Types of Muscle (2 of 2) Cardiac muscle Involuntary muscle Has own blood supply and electrical system Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for only very short periods

The Respiratory System

Diaphragm Has characteristics of both voluntary and involuntary muscles Dome-shaped muscle Divides thorax from abdomen Contracts during inhalation Relaxes during exhalation

Breathing Process: Inhalation Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. Pressure in the lungs decreases. Air travels to the lungs.

Breathing Process: Exhalation Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. As the muscles relax, all dimensions of the thorax decrease. Pressure in the lungs increases. Air flows out of the lungs.

Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with inspiration. Oxygen diffuses into the blood. The body does not use all the inhaled oxygen.

Control of Breathing Brain stem controls breathing. Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide level in blood becomes too high Hypoxic drive is a “backup system.” Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate breathing

Normal Breathing Characteristics Normal rate and depth Regular rhythm Good breath sounds in both lungs Regular rise and fall movements in the chest Easy, not labored

Normal Breathing Rates p 109

Recognizing Inadequate Breathing ALL Pale or blue skin Cool, clammy skin Faster respiratory rate Irregular rhythm Labored breathing Muscle retractions

Infant and Child Anatomy Structures less rigid Airway smaller Tongue proportionally larger Dependent on diaphragm for breathing

The Circulatory System

The Heart p.111

Blood Flow Through the Heart ALL

Electrical Conduction System SA node AV node Purkinje fibers

Normal Heart Rates Adults 60 to 100 beats/min Children p 112 Adults 60 to 100 beats/min Children 70 to 140 beats/min Toddlers 90 to 150 beats/min Newborns 120 to 160 beats/min

Major Arteries and Veins ALL Aorta Pulmonary Carotid Femoral Brachial Radial Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava

Components of Blood Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets ALL Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets

Physiology of the Circulatory System (1 of 2) ALL Pulse The wave of blood through the arteries formed when the left ventricle contracts Can be felt where an artery passes over a bone near the skin surface

Physiology of the Circulatory System (2 of 2) ALL Blood pressure Amount of force exerted against walls of arteries Systole: Left ventricle contracts Diastole: Left ventricle relaxes Perfusion Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue If inadequate, the patient goes into shock.

The Nervous System ALL The nervous system controls the body’s voluntary and involuntary actions. Somatic nervous system Regulates voluntary actions Autonomic nervous system Controls involuntary body functions

Central Nervous System (1 of 2) ALL

Central Nervous System (2 of 2)

Peripheral Nervous System Links the organs of the body to the central nervous system. Sensory nerves carry information from the body to the central nervous system. Motor nerves carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.

The Skin (1 of 2) Protects the body from the environment ALL Protects the body from the environment Regulates body temperature Transmits information from environment to the brain Largest single organ in the body

The Skin (2 of 2)

Endocrine System Complex message and control system Made up of 7 glands Glands produce and release hormones.

Endocrine Glands Adrenal Ovary Pancreas Parathyroid Pituitary Testes

Digestive System Mouth Liver Salivary glands Bile ducts Oropharynx Esophagus Stomach Pancreas Liver Bile ducts Small intestine Large intestine Appendix Rectum

Urinary System

Male Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System