Nationalism and Unification Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia and China

Italian Unification  Cavour  Prime Minister of Sardinia  What parts of Italy did Austria Control  Northern territories of Venetia and Lombardy.  How did Cavour obtain the state of Lombardy?  Provoked Austria into war, and with the help of his ally France, won and received Lombardy as a result.  Cavour  Prime Minister of Sardinia  What parts of Italy did Austria Control  Northern territories of Venetia and Lombardy.  How did Cavour obtain the state of Lombardy?  Provoked Austria into war, and with the help of his ally France, won and received Lombardy as a result.

Italian Unification  How did Cavour incorporate the middle states?  Able to convince the middle states to join the unification movement. (They held a plebiscite or vote to join the movement.)  Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi?  A Military leader who would lead the Southern unification of Italy.  Who were the “Red Shirts” and what did they do?  A volunteer army.  Fought successfully to liberate Sicily and Naples (the southern part of the boot) from foreign control.  How did Cavour incorporate the middle states?  Able to convince the middle states to join the unification movement. (They held a plebiscite or vote to join the movement.)  Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi?  A Military leader who would lead the Southern unification of Italy.  Who were the “Red Shirts” and what did they do?  A volunteer army.  Fought successfully to liberate Sicily and Naples (the southern part of the boot) from foreign control.

Italian Unification  What did Cavour have to convince Garibaldi to do?  To join his unification movement.  How did Cavour obtain Venetia?  Italy became allies with Prussia against Austria. Prussia fought a quick war against Austria (the Austro-Prussian War) and they won. Italy was rewarded for loyalty to Prussia.They received Venetia.  What did Cavour have to convince Garibaldi to do?  To join his unification movement.  How did Cavour obtain Venetia?  Italy became allies with Prussia against Austria. Prussia fought a quick war against Austria (the Austro-Prussian War) and they won. Italy was rewarded for loyalty to Prussia.They received Venetia.

Italian Unification  How did Italy fit a final piece (Rome) into its puzzle?  Papal states of Rome stocked with French troops.  Prussia fought a major war against France.  France was losing this war they could not afford to keep their troops in Rome so they called them home.  Italians moved in. It was 1870 Unification was complete.  How did Italy fit a final piece (Rome) into its puzzle?  Papal states of Rome stocked with French troops.  Prussia fought a major war against France.  France was losing this war they could not afford to keep their troops in Rome so they called them home.  Italians moved in. It was 1870 Unification was complete.

Italian Unification  How did the German unification movement impact Italian Unification?  Prussia did much of actual fighting against Italy’s enemies.  The last two territories that Italy needed to complete their unification came courtesy of the Austro-Prussian and Franco-Prussian Wars.  Could Italy have unified without Prussia?  Probably not at that time.  Why/Why not?  Italy wasn’t powerful enough to take on and win wars against Austria or France without help from allies.  How did the German unification movement impact Italian Unification?  Prussia did much of actual fighting against Italy’s enemies.  The last two territories that Italy needed to complete their unification came courtesy of the Austro-Prussian and Franco-Prussian Wars.  Could Italy have unified without Prussia?  Probably not at that time.  Why/Why not?  Italy wasn’t powerful enough to take on and win wars against Austria or France without help from allies.

Austria - Hungary Unification  In the 1500’s what was the extent of Hapsburg holdings?  Not only Central Europe but also Spain and Netherlands.  How were they split?  Austrian Hapsburgs control Central Europe  Charles’ son Phillip II took Spain, Netherlands and Spanish New World Possessions.  In the 1500’s what was the extent of Hapsburg holdings?  Not only Central Europe but also Spain and Netherlands.  How were they split?  Austrian Hapsburgs control Central Europe  Charles’ son Phillip II took Spain, Netherlands and Spanish New World Possessions.

Austria - Hungary Unification  How did Austria attempt to control European politics post ?  Their influence in European affairs was profound.  Hosted Congress of Vienna in 1815  Took charge of the “Confederation of the Rhine”  How did Austria attempt to control European politics post ?  Their influence in European affairs was profound.  Hosted Congress of Vienna in 1815  Took charge of the “Confederation of the Rhine”

Austria - Hungary Unification  What was Austria’s 19th century fate?  Austria’s power in Europe decreased in the 1800’s.  Falling behind economically as they were largely industrialized  Plagued by the nationalist uprisings of their minority groups.  What was Austria’s 19th century fate?  Austria’s power in Europe decreased in the 1800’s.  Falling behind economically as they were largely industrialized  Plagued by the nationalist uprisings of their minority groups.

Austria - Hungary Unification  What was the ethnic problem in Austria?  They ruled over more than a DOZEN different ethnic groups.  Each group had its own culture, history and language  These groups became increasingly vocal about their desire for self-government.  What was the ethnic problem in Austria?  They ruled over more than a DOZEN different ethnic groups.  Each group had its own culture, history and language  These groups became increasingly vocal about their desire for self-government.

Austria - Hungary Unification  What happened in 1848 in Austria?  Austria faced a series of significant uprisings within its Empire.  Demonstrations for democratic reforms in the capital city of Vienna, Austria.  What happened in 1848 in Austria?  Austria faced a series of significant uprisings within its Empire.  Demonstrations for democratic reforms in the capital city of Vienna, Austria.

Austria - Hungary Unification  What did Austria agree to in 1867? Why did they agree to this?  The largest ethnic group (Magyars) who were Hungarians.  1867 Emperor Franz Joseph agreed to the Hungarian Compromise of 1867  Created the Dual Monarchy of Austria and Hungary  What did Austria agree to in 1867? Why did they agree to this?  The largest ethnic group (Magyars) who were Hungarians.  1867 Emperor Franz Joseph agreed to the Hungarian Compromise of 1867  Created the Dual Monarchy of Austria and Hungary

Austria - Hungary Unification  What was the extent of the Compromise?  Emperor would continue to rule from Vienna  A second capital city was created in Budapest (Hungary) to rule Eastern part of Empire.  Second Parliament was created  Hungarians or Magyars were granted enormous ruling power.  Austria became Austria-Hungary (Flag now had eagle with two heads)  What was the extent of the Compromise?  Emperor would continue to rule from Vienna  A second capital city was created in Budapest (Hungary) to rule Eastern part of Empire.  Second Parliament was created  Hungarians or Magyars were granted enormous ruling power.  Austria became Austria-Hungary (Flag now had eagle with two heads)

Ottoman Empire

Russia  What was the PERCEPTION of Russia in the 18th and 19th Centuries?  Because Russia was large and populous, people (incorrectly) assumed that it was militarily powerful.  What was the PERCEPTION of Russia in the 18th and 19th Centuries?  Because Russia was large and populous, people (incorrectly) assumed that it was militarily powerful.

Russia  What was the economic condition of Russia in the 19th Century?  Not Industrialized  Until 1861 still had serfs!  Economy was mostly agricultural  Small Middle Class  Very Small Upper Class  Most population serfs or peasant farmers.  What was the economic condition of Russia in the 19th Century?  Not Industrialized  Until 1861 still had serfs!  Economy was mostly agricultural  Small Middle Class  Very Small Upper Class  Most population serfs or peasant farmers.

Russia  Describe Alexander II’s motivations for freeing the serfs.  He genuinely wanted to strengthen the bond between the Russian people and the monarchy.  He hoped that the move would establish a surplus of labor to be employed in urban factories.   Take notes on Alexander II and Alexander III to help on your test!  Describe Alexander II’s motivations for freeing the serfs.  He genuinely wanted to strengthen the bond between the Russian people and the monarchy.  He hoped that the move would establish a surplus of labor to be employed in urban factories.   Take notes on Alexander II and Alexander III to help on your test!

Russia  What were the results?  Did not happen  Most serfs remained on the land they had worked for centuries  No movement into cities  What were the results?  Did not happen  Most serfs remained on the land they had worked for centuries  No movement into cities

Russia  Why didn’t economic and political reforms occur in Russia?  Small middle class  Powerful landowning aristocracy  Little change  Alexander II was assassinated  His son Alexander III cracked down hard on any reforms in Russia.  Why didn’t economic and political reforms occur in Russia?  Small middle class  Powerful landowning aristocracy  Little change  Alexander II was assassinated  His son Alexander III cracked down hard on any reforms in Russia.

Russia  What was the ethnic make-up of Russia?  Like the Austrian and Ottoman Empires  Had a large number of Ethnic minorities  Poles,Fins,Ukrainians,Slavs and a large Jewish Population.  What was the ethnic make-up of Russia?  Like the Austrian and Ottoman Empires  Had a large number of Ethnic minorities  Poles,Fins,Ukrainians,Slavs and a large Jewish Population.

Russia  What was RUSSIFICATION?  Campaign in which the government attempted to force all minorities to adopt :  The Russian language  The Russian customs  Supposed to be a nationalistic and unifying ploy  DID IT WORK?  No  People resisted and became more committed to maintaining their own culture!  What was RUSSIFICATION?  Campaign in which the government attempted to force all minorities to adopt :  The Russian language  The Russian customs  Supposed to be a nationalistic and unifying ploy  DID IT WORK?  No  People resisted and became more committed to maintaining their own culture!

Russia  What were pogroms?  Murderous raids on Jewish communities.  What were the results of these?  Many Jews emigrated to the United States during this time.   What were pogroms?  Murderous raids on Jewish communities.  What were the results of these?  Many Jews emigrated to the United States during this time. 

Russia  What caused the Russo-Japanese War of 1905?  The war was a result of the imperialistic clash of Russia and Japan in Korea.  What caused the Russo-Japanese War of 1905?  The war was a result of the imperialistic clash of Russia and Japan in Korea.

Russia  What was the result of the war?  Russia was defeated by the thoroughly modern Japan in  This was a terrible embarrassment for Russia, and signaled the rise of a powerful Asian state.  What was the result of the war?  Russia was defeated by the thoroughly modern Japan in  This was a terrible embarrassment for Russia, and signaled the rise of a powerful Asian state.