Galen’s Theory of the Four Temperaments ( A.D.) Blood – Cheerful, sanguine, warm-hearted, volatile Black Bile – Sad, Melancholic Yellow Bile – Fiery, Quick-Tempered, Person of Action Phlegm – Slow Moving, Cautious, Phlegmatic

When are Traits Good Predictors of Behavior? When they are specific and limited When an individual is extreme on the trait Traits predict general behavior over time better than single instances More specific situations help make traits better predictors The influence of any personality trait can be overpowered by strong situations

The Metatrait Hypothesis Personalities of different individuals contain different clusters of traits, so that traits that are important for you (self-schematic traits) are more useful than traits that are not relevant to you (aschematic traits)

The “Big Five” Personality Traits Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness (Will to Achieve) Neuroticism (Emotional Stability) Openness to Experience

The Measurement of Personality OBJECTIVE MEASURES OF PERSONALITY Global Measures – MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) Specific Measures – Locus of Control PROJECTIVE MEASURES OF PERSONALITY EXAMPLES: Rorschach Test, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

The Rorschach Test

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Sigmund Freud & Psychoanalysis Freud:

Freud’s View of Human Nature Motivation due to the Pleasure Principle We are driven to action by instincts ◦ Eros: The Sex Instinct  Libido – Psychic energy associated with the sex instinct. ◦ Thanatos: The Death Instinct Psychic Determinism: Nothing happens by chance The Unconscious: Part of the personality that is inaccessible to the person

Freud’s View of Human Nature

Freud’s Model of the Personality Id ◦ Entirely unconscious ◦ Irrational, impulsive, selfish ◦ No conception of reality or morality ◦ Primary Process Thought Ego ◦ Develops around 6-8 months ◦ Sane & rational; The Reality Principle ◦ Secondary Process Thought ◦ Anxiety is the Ego’s response to threats Superego ◦ Morality; internalizes rules; sense of right and wrong ◦ Ego Ideal – what person would like to be ◦ Punishes with guilt

Psychosexual Stages of Development Oral Stage ( Lasts for first12-18 months) Anal Stage (1-1.5 years through age 3 or so) Phallic Stage (about 3 until about 6) ◦ Oedipus Complex Latency Stage ( 6 until puberty) Genital Stage (puberty through adulthood)

Anxiety & Defense Mechanisms Anxiety & Defense Mechanisms Repression- Ego keeps impulses from consciousness Denial- Refuse to perceive reality Displacement- Substitute acceptable for unacceptable things Sublimation- Rechannel impulses to creative, socially acceptable behavior Projection- Attribute one’s own undesirable characteristics to others Reaction Formation- Behave opposite to impulses Rationalization- Justify through excuses Intellectualization- Dissociate from feelings; focus on logic Undoing- Perform desirable act to make up for undesirable one Compromise Formation- Use contradictory behaviors to gain satisfaction from undesirable impulse

Psychoanalysis Goal: Seek insight into the unconscious, achieve catharsis & release from tension Tools of Psychoanalysis: ◦ Hypnosis ◦ Free Association ◦ Analysis of Dreams

Other Influential People in Psychoanalysis Carl Jung ( ) Alfred Adler ( ) Karen Horney ( ) Harry Stack Sullivan ( ) Otto Rank ( )

Carl Jung ( ) Psychic energy still an outcome of conflict between opposing forces in personality, but it is not all about sex. There is a personal AND collective unconscious ◦ Instincts & Archetypes  The Persona  The Shadow  The Animus & Anima His “Theory of Psychological Types” is very influential in psychology today; the basis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Developed advanced techniques for the interpretation of dreams.

Alfred Adler ( ) He called his system “Individual Psychology” An Individual’s Goals direct his or her behavior ◦ Striving for perfection & completion ◦ Overcoming feelings of inferiority & striving for superiority  Organ Inferiority  Masculine Protest  Inferiority Complex Social Interest Style of Life Early Childhood Experiences are Critical for Development ◦ Parenting Style (pampering vs. neglect) determine style of life ◦ Birth Order is a critical variable Goals of Psychotherapy: To promote a socially interested style of life & overcome feelings of inferiority ◦ Uses standard psychoanalytic techniques, especially dream interpretation

Third Force Psychology A Reaction against determinism of Behaviorism & Psychoanalysis ◦ Human behavior is NOT determined ◦ Humans are free to choose their own existence A Combination of Humanistic & Existential Psychology Focus is on helping healthy individuals achieve full potential Humanistic Psychology: People are innately good; We strive to actualize our inner potential Existential Psychology: We need to create meaning in our life and “Take charge”

Third Force Psychology Famous Third-Force Psychologists ◦ Martin Heidegger (Existential) ◦ Rollo May (Humanistic) ◦ Erich Fromm (Existential)  Psychopathology results from cultural forces that prevent us from creating meaning ◦ Abraham Maslow (Humanistic)  Psychopathology results from failure to satisfy needs (especially self-actualization needs) ◦ Carl Rogers (Humanistic)  Psychopathology results from a lack of positive self- regard created by “conditions of worth”