 Assemble the DNA  Follow base pair rules  Blue—Guanine  Red—Cytosine  Purple—Thymine  Green--Adenine

 Assemble the DNA  Follow base pair rules  Blue—Guanine  Red—Cytosine  Purple—Thymine  Green--Adenine

 DNA stores information--blueprint. › Replication to copy the information exactly.  DNA to RNA is transcription —job instructions. › Transcription to make a working template.  RNA to protein is translation —produce final product. › Translation to produce proteins for the cells.

 messenger RNA (mRNA). A copy of the gene that is being expressed.  ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Four different RNA molecules that make up the structure of the ribosome.  transfer RNA (tRNA). Small RNA molecules that act as adapters between the codons of mRNA and amino acids.

 mRNA is a complementary single strand that is transcribed from one DNA strand of one gene.  Working instructions to build one protein  One gene  one mRNA  One mRNA  one protein

 A gene includes both coding segments called exons and non-coding segments called introns.  Only exons are read for codons to produce proteins.  Introns are cut out and exons are spliced.

 The nucleotides are read in triplets called codons.  Reading starts at AUG, the start codon.  Read groups of three until a STOP codon is reached.  Each codon is specific for a single amino acid.  There may be multiple codons for an amino acid.

tRNA is a folded single strand of RNA which is able to bind to an amino acid.  tRNA binds to one and only one amino acid.  tRNA has a series of three nucleotides that make an anti-codon that matches up with the codon on mRNA

 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a single strand RNA that folds.  2-4 rRNA join to make a ribosome  Ribosomes are the site of translation, an assembly machine for proteins.

 Preparation: transcription of a gene in the DNA to mRNA  mRNA exits nucleus to cytoplasm.

 Step 1: mRNA joins a ribosome.  Step 2: Read AUG start codon  Step 3: tRNA brings in attached amino acids. tRNA matches its anti-codon to the mRNA codon.  Attach methionine

 tRNA carries in amino acids  Attach new amino acid to growing polypeptide chain.  Repeat

 The elongation of the protein continues until a STOP codon is read by the rRNA.  Separate protein from ribosome.  Ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA can be reused.

 64 codons total  1 start  3 stop codes Amino acids  20 amino acids for humans

 DNA is an information structure  To make something the data needs to be transcribed to a working template.  Transcription is the process of copying DNA to a messenger RNA, mRNA. › In the nucleus  Translation is the process of converting the data sequence in mRNA into amino acids linked together to make a protein. › In the cytoplasm

 DNA to mRNA: transcription  Add rRNA (ribosome)  mRNA to protein: translation › AUG  start: initiation › Use tRNA to transfer the amino acids to the growing chain › Add amino acids: elongation › STOP: termination