DNA and RNA

DNA Questions: Made of nucleotides – which are made of 5 carbon sugar - deoxyribose Phosphate group Nitrogenous base There are 4 nitrogen bases Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Questions: What are the monomers called that DNA is made of? What are the three components of DNA? What sugar is DNA made of? What are the 4 nucleotides of DNA?

DNA Arrangement Looks like a twisted latter – called double helix Discovered Watson and Crick The sides are made of sugar and phosphate that alternate Each rung is made of 2 nitrogenous bases Adenine and thymine Cytosine and guanine Questions: What is the shape of DNA? Who discovered the shape of DNA? Describe how DNA is configured?

DNA Replication Questions: Explain the steps of DNA replication? DNA has 2 complementary sides To replicate: An enzyme called DNA helicase splits DNA down the middle It begins at a point called the replication fork It separate in both directions As it separates into 2 sides - complementary bases (in the nucleus) attach to each side using DNA polymerase This results in two identical pieces of DNA – each with 1 original and 1 new strand Questions: Explain the steps of DNA replication? What is the result of DNA replication? How does the why DNA replicates help conserve genetic information? SC.912.L.16.3 Describe the basic process of DNA replication and how it relates to the transmission and conservation of genetic information.

RNA Questions: RNA – Is slightly different It is only a single strand Its nucleotide made of: 5 carbon sugar ribose Phosphate group Nitrogenous bases Contains the nitrogen bases: Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil Questions: What is RNA? How is the RNA similar and different from the DNA molecule?

Types of RNA Questions: What are the three types of RNA and what is the job of each? There are three types of RNA – all help to make proteins Messenger RNA – contain instructions Ribosomal RNA – assembles the protein Transfer RNA – transfers amino acids to the ribosomes

Types of RNA

Making RNA Questions: What is the process of making RNA called? Explain the steps of making RNA. RNA is made by copying part of DNA Called transcription Steps RNA polymerase separates the DNA at a specific location RNA nitrogen bases attach to one of the strands of DNA (uracil instead of thymine) The piece of RNA separated from the DNA SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes.

RNA Editing Questions: Why does RNA need to be edited? What are the parts called that are removed and kept? What type of RNA is made in the end? Editing must happen before RNA leaves the nucleus Gets rid of unneeded pieces called introns Keeps the parts called exons The exons bond together to make mRNA The mRNA leaves the nucleus to go to the ribosomes SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes.

Removing Introns

Making Proteins Questions: Process is called translation Made by joining amino acids into long chains called polypeptides Sequence of the amino acids determines the protein The steps: mRNA is sent to the ribosome mRNA reads 3 letters at a time (these 3 letters are called codon) Each codon represents a single amino acid (AUG=Start) These codons represent the universal genetic code Questions: What is the process of making proteins called? What is a codon and where is it found? How and why is the genetic code universal to most organisms? SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes. SC.912.19.9 Explain how and why the genetic code is universal and is common to almost all organisms.

Codons and Their Corresponding Amino Acid

Translation - Continued Questions: Explain the steps of protein translation? (remember the previous slide) The mRNA sends for a tRNA that has the complementary nucleotides (called anticodon) that they are needed The tRNA brings a specific amino acids to the ribosome The amino acid the tRNA carries is bonded to the polypeptide chain The tRNA is released from the mRNA and leaves to get another amino acid This continues until a stop codon is reached Then the polypeptide (protein) is released and goes where it is needed SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes.

Protein Synthesis – Part 1

Protein Synthesis – part 2

Mutations Questions: Mutation – change in the genetic material Types: Gene mutations – mistakes in a specific gene Can be frame shift Insertion – when a nitrogenous base is added Deletion – when a nitrogenous base is removed Non- frame shift Substitution – one nitrogenous base is wrong - causes a different the amino acid Questions: What is a mutation? What is a gene mutation? What types of gene mutations are there and what are some examples? SC.912.L.16.4 Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence may or may not result in phenotypic change. Explain how mutations in gametes may result in phenotypic changes in the offspring. SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agent to health from the perspective of both the individual and public health.

Questions: What are chromosomal mutations? Chromosomal mutations – changes in the structure of the chromosome There are 4 types: Deletion – part of chromosome is missing Duplication – part of the chromosome is repeated Inversion – part of the chromosome is flipped over Translocation – part of the chromosome is removed from one chromosome and attached to another Questions: What are chromosomal mutations? Explain the differences between the types of mutations? SC.912.L.16.4 Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence may or may not result in phenotypic change. Explain how mutations in gametes may result in phenotypic changes in the offspring. SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agent to health from the perspective of both the individual and public health.

Chromosomal mutations

Effects of Mutations Questions: Some are neutral – a single letter change may still give the same amino acid Some are harmful – May change protein structures or gene activity Cause disorders or mutations Some are helpful – cause variations that all the organism to survive its environment (extra fur, color change) Questions: Explain how different mutations can effect an organism? SC.912.L.16.4 Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence may or may not result in phenotypic change. Explain how mutations in gametes may result in phenotypic changes in the offspring. SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agent to health from the perspective of both the individual and public health.