Medical Biotechnology Presentation made by: sakura023

Medical Biotechnology Applied to medical processes like the use of organisms for the production of drugs or antibiotics

Recombinant DNA CharacteristicProkaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells True NucleusNo nucleiYes OrganellesNo circular blood Yes DNAw/ few proteinsLinear chromosomes complexed w/ many proteins

Organelles & their Function Nucleus – location of the DNA chromosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum – routes and modifies certain newly synthesized polypeptides synthesizes lipids Smooth ER - aids in lipid destruction Rough ER - w/ ribosomes - aids in protein synthesis

Organelles & their function Golgi Body – modifies polypeptides, sorts and ships proteins and lipids for either secretion or for use inside the cell Mitochondria – produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate) (chemical energy use inside the cell) Chloroplast – site of photosynthesis in plants & algae Vesicle – have many functions like transports or store various substances, digestion

Organelles & their Function Ribosomes – aids in the assembly of polypeptides during protein synthesis Cytoskeleton – aids in the movement of internal structures - serves as structural framework of the cell - bones and muscles of the cell

Macromolecules Lipids – composed of long unbranched chain of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (C, H, O, N) atom (hydrocarbon chain) CnH 2 nOn - generally insoluble in aqueous solution, water fearing, chemically diverse - fatty acids (main components)

Macromolecules Polysaccharides – composed of long repeating monomeric units called monosaccharides, that function as either structure or storage Proteins – large organic compounds, major determinants of an organisms’ characteristics - orchestrate bodily reactions inside the cell, amino acids

Macromolecules Nucleic acid – foundation of life - involved in the storage and transmission of genetic information within the cell of nucleic acids

Two Types of Nucleic Acids DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid)

DNA vs RNA DNARNA Contains sugar deoxyriboseContains the sugar ribose B- form double helix, double stranded molecule A- form helix, single stranded molecule Stable under alkaline conditionsTransfer the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes to make protein Long term of storage genetic information 4 nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) Adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine) Self replicating, propagationNeeded basis

DNA Function Storage of the genetic information. It is a long polymer consisting of repeating units called deoxyribonucleictides Deoxyribonucleictides has 3 components 1. Pentose Sugar (5 carbons) 2. Phosphate group 3. 1 of 4 nitrogen-containing bases adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C)

DNA Function stores the genetic information in the 4 nitrogen-containing bases Adenine and guanine are double ring structures called purines A+G =  purines Thymine and cytosine are single ring structures called pyrimidtines T+C =  pyrimidtines

DNA Function Shows helical configuration, w/ both strands of the molecules winding around a common central axis to form a spiral (like a spiral staircase)

DNA Replication Unwinding of the DNA helix Synthesis of the RNA primers The DNA polymerase binds each single strand and moves along the strand from the RNA primer, using the information in the template DNA to mediate the formation of new DNA strand Connection of okazaki fragments to form one continuous DNA molecule

DNA Replication DNA helicase – enzyme in which to unwire DNA helix DNA gyrase – cut DNA into 2 strands DNA polymerase – main replication enzyme DNA ligase – enzyme that connects the ends of okazaki fragments to form newly snthesized DNA strand Note: -ase - enzymes

Transcription Genetic information stored in the DNA (gene) is used to make and RNA that is conglomentary Process by which the genetic code is converted into instructions for the cells DNA  RNA

mRNA (messenger RNA) - type of RNA that the DNA builds from the DNA code complement of DNA

4 Stages of Transcription 1. Binding of RNA polymerase to a specific sequence called a promoter. The DNA helix unwinds in this region 2. Initiation of transcription – RNA polymerase begins synthesizing RNA from the template strand of the DNA as the DNA helix unwinds farther 3. Elongation of the RNA – the RNA elongates by the addition of ribonucleotides to the 3’ end of the newly synthesized RNA

4 Stages of the Transcription 4. Termination of Transcription – the RNA polymerase disengages the DNA & the new RNA molecule is released

Translation Occurs in the nucleus where newly synthesized RNA is processed and then transported into the cytoplasm, the side of translation of protein synthesis It is the conversion of information encoded in the mRNA sequence into a sequence of amino acids forming a polypeptide chain Process of which the instruction are read to produce protein

Replication – DNA  RNA Transcription – DNA  RNA Translation – RNA  protein