Changes in the UK Visa and Immigration Rules after the 9/11 Event – Effects on non-EU Nationals Presented by: Supervisor:

Objectives  Introduce general content of the paper  Report the results of the paper  Find out the positive and negative effects of the changes on the British society

Contents I.Background information II.The study III.Consequences

Background information The 9/11 event  The most terrible terror attack on America  Twin Towers, Pentagon destroyed  About 3,000 people killed

Background information Impacts of the 9/11 event on the UK’s immigration policy  Alarm of Terrorism in all the world  Tightening the security policies  Immigrants as terror-threats: Non-EU nationals in the UK Changes in Immigration policy

Background information Methodology  Existing information and Content analysis

Contents I.Background information II.The study III.Consequences

The study 1.Changes of the UK Visa and Immigration rules 2.Effects of the UK Visa and Immigration policy changes on non-EU nationals 3.Analysis of the change core

Changes of the UK Visa and Immigration rules  Changes before September  Changes after September

Changes before September  After World War II: two contrasting trends:  1950s s: limitation of immigrants - integration in British society.  1979 – 1997: conservative era – asylum-seekers Limitation of immigrants from non-EU nations Free movement of people from the UK and the EU

Changes after September Source: bbc news

Changes after September  Internal changes  External changes

Internal changes  Identity management  Increased employer compliance  More public service compliance  Regularization

External changes  Points-Based System (PBS)  UK Border Agency (UKBA)

Points-Based System  Tier 1: High skilled individuals.  Tier 2: Skilled workers.  Tier 3: Low skill workers.  Tier 4: Students.  Tier 5: Youth mobility and temporary workers.

UK Border Agency On 3 April 2008 Source: UK Border Agency

UK Border Agency  3 strategic objectives  10 key changes Controlling the immigration and protecting from crime.

Effects of the UK Visa and Immigration policy changes on non-EU nationals Major changes Non-EU students Non-EU labours Non-EU dependents Asylum seekers Reduction of non-EU net immigration

Non-EU Students  Key changes  New requirement for education providers  Tier 1 (post study work visa) to a form of Tier 2  English language skill & financial maintenance  Working fewer hours

Non-EU labours  Key changes  Annual cap on non-EU workers: Intra-Company transfers (ICTs)  Minimum income for ICTs  Higher English skill requirement  Closure of Tier 1 (Post study work) replaced with Exceptional talent route

Non-EU dependents  Key changes  Cap on nuclear families  Standard of English skill for non-EU nationals  Minimum income for sponsors

Asylum seekers Source:

Analysis the core of the changes  Job issue  Political issue  Housing issue

Analysis the core of the changes Job issue  Attitude of the British Result of the British Attitude Survey in 2014 Source:

Analysis the core of the changes Job issue Percentage of the UK and immigrant population holding university degrees Source: The Fiscal Effects of Immigration to the UK

Analysis the core of the changes Job issue  Government: - Passed and gradually carried out immigration bills and policies. - After the 9/11 event, gave out the goal of security & anti-terrorism to cut sharply immigrants.  The root purpose: unemployment reduction in British workers. Source:

Analysis the core of the changes Political issue Founded in 1993  An extreme young political party. Now, receiving much more British supports thanks to immigration cutting plans. Source:

Analysis the core of the changes Political issue  Coaliation government: failed to meet the target of cutting immigrants to “ten thousands” => face difficulty in gaining British voters. => Membership of the Conservatives, the Labour and the Liberal FALL The UKIP’s membership INCREASE

Analysis the core of the changes Housing issue - The estimated number of new immigrants: about 65,000 people/year. - In fact, above 172,000 new migrants. => Housing crisis million new houses (30%) of total new houses: required by immigration over the next 20 years.

Contents I.Background information II.The study III.Consequences

Consequences Positive Effects  Unemployment reduction  Selecting the brightest and the best Negative Effects  Economic impact  The UK reputation

Consequences Positive Effects  Unemployment reduction In 1997, 3 in 4 jobs in Britain: for immigrants. In 2012, 65% new jobs: for Britons. From Oct to Dec 2012, extra 197,000 Britons found full-time jobs. => a successful sign for the government’s effort.

Consequences Positive Effects  Selecting the brightest and the best “Transformation of immigration policy” will leave room for only “the brightest and best”. Damian Green _ Immigration Minister Source:

Consequences Positive Effects Year United Kingdom Number of patents in the UK Source:

Consequences Negative Effects  Economic impact Immigrants = 8% the UK population: 10% GDP. The new arrivals: £25bn. Overseas students: worth £5bn per year. : worth £16.9 billion by 2025.

Consequences Negative Effects  The UK reputation The UK: an ideal country for immigrants Discrimination towards migrants: Foreign students: 52%: a negative impression on immigration cutting. 20%: “isolated” feeling.

Conclusion  The core of the changes  The positive and negative changes

References  Adamson, F. (2006). Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security (Vol. 31). Cambridge: The MIT Press.  Barrow, B. (2013, February 20th). At last, most new jobs are filled by British workers thanks to stricter immigration policies. Retrieved March 5, 2014, from Mail Online: filled-British-workers-thanks-stricter-immigration-policies.html  Center for Economic Performance. (2012). Immigration and the UK Labour Market: The latest evidence from economic research. London: London School of Economics & Political Science.

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