CHAPTER 11 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Part 5. Page

The Immune System  A homeostatic mechanism comprising of a variety of white blood cells and proteins that attack foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses  Recognizes and destroys damaged cells and irregular growths

Terms  Immunity: the ability to resist disease after having been exposed to it in the past  Pathogen: disease-causing agent (ex. bacteria and viruses)  non-specific defenses: the ability to resist disease, even if there has been no prior exposure to it  specific immune system: wide variety of cells, developed through exposure to a disease, that recognizes certain foreign substances and acts to neutralize or destroy them

Classes of White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)  1. Macrophages  2. Neutrophils  3. Monocytes  4. Eosinophils  5. Lymphocytes Phagocytosis: The cell injests the bacteria to destroy is

1. Macrophages  large phagocytic cells that can pass through the walls of capillaries to engulf and digest pathogens such as bacteria circulating within the body.  They are also found in the liver, spleen, brain and lungs.

2. Neutrophils  small white blood cells that engulf bacteria through phagocytosis as an indirect immune response

3. Monocytes  white blood cells from which neutrophils and macrophages are derived.

4. Eosinophils  white blood cells that attack larger pathogens such as worms. They contain digestive enzymes.

5. Lymphocytes  type of white blood cell that plays a role in the body’s acquired immune response, enabling the body to recognize and fend off specific pathogens  Formed from bone marrow  Devided into 2 specialized groups, depending on where they mature.  B Lymphocytes (B Cells) mature in the bone marrow.  T Lymphocytes (T Cells) mature in the thymus gland

Layers (Lines) of Defense.  The body has 3 layers of defense when it comes to defending against pathogens:  1 st layer: Physical Barriers  2 nd layer: Inflammatory Response  3 rd Layer: Specific Immunity including Lymphocytes

1 st Layer of Defense  Non-specific  Outer layer of the skin is dry, skin’s oil has bactericide in it, and sweat makes the environment acidic  Linings of respiratory and digestive pathways coated in mucus, which traps bacteria  Stomach acid kills most of the microorganisms in food

2 nd Layer of Defense  Non-specific  Special cells arrive at infection site and release histamine, which causes blood vessels to dilate. Increased blood flow makes area swell and hot.  Neutrophils and macrophages engulf invading bacteria. Pus forms as dead macrophages and bacteria accumulate.

3 rd Layer of Defense  Two types of lymphocytes:  (1) B-cells: function primarily in antibody immunity  (2) T-cells: function primarily in cellular immunity Figure on page 383 is really important

Antibody Immunity  Antibody: a Y-shaped protein produced by B- cells that “tag” foreign cells to be destroyed by macrophages; binds to antigens  Antigen: protein or other large molecule on the surface of a non-self cell (attacking or foreign cell) that helps the body recognize its own cells  It is a toxin carried by invading pathogens

Steps in Antibody Immunity  (1) Macrophage engulfs antigen  (2) macrophage binds to helper T-cells, which activates special B-cells (plasma cells and memory B-cells)  (3) plasma cells produce antibodies which “tag” foreign cells to be consumed by macrophages; memory B-cells stay around in case of infection by the same pathogen again.

Cellular Immunity  An immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves antigen- specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.

Steps in Cellular Immunity  (1) macrophage engulfs an antigen, breaking it down and placing part of it on its own cell surface  (2) macrophage binds to helper T-cell, which activates cytotoxic (killer) T-cells and memory T-cells  (3) cytotoxic T-cells destroy invading pathogen, while memory T-cells remain behind in case of infection by the same pathogen. Figure Page 385

Induced Immunity  Provided 2 ways:  Passive Immunity: Naturally though infection or passive transfer  Active Immunity: Artificially by medical intervention Activity Time: See Page 385

Disorders of the Immune System  1. Autoimmune Disorders  2. Allergies

1. Autoimmune Disorders  When T-cells or antibodies mistakenly attack a person’s own cells  ex. rheumatoid arthritis

2. Allergies  An exaggerated response by the immune system to a harmless material such as pollen, mould, cat dander and so on.  The body thinks the allergen is an antigen and then antibodies work to rid the body of the “Pathogen”  Symptoms include swelling, watery eyes, runny nose, and in the case of food allergies vomiting, cramps and diarrhea  Usually caused by extra histamine released when not needed