ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION from PROCESS INDUSTRIES & Battery Recycling Asst. Prof. Dr. Mustafa ILKAN School of Computing and Technology Director April 2011

Industrial Pollution

In this presentation Pollution and Pollutants Types of Pollution Effects of Pollution Managing Pollution

Pollution Introduction by man, waste matter or surplus energy into the environment, which directly or indirectly causes damage to man and his environment.

Pollutant A substance or effect which adversely alters the environment by changing the growth rate of species, interferes with the food chain, is toxic, or interferes with health, comfort amenities or property values of people.

Pollutant

Pollutant

EFFECTS ON BIOSPHERE 1. Damage to human health by specific chemical substances present in the air, food, water and radioactive material 2. Damage to natural environment affecting vegetation, animals, crops, soil and water 3. Damage to visual quality by smoke, fumes, dust, noise and waste 4. Damage by radioactive materials and excessive noise

TYPES OF POLLUTION Water Pollution Air Pollution Land Pollution Noise Pollution Thermal Pollution Electro Pollution (electronic wastes) Visual Pollution

Water Pollution

Industrial Sources Responsible for Organic Pollution

Industrial Sources Responsible for Inorganic Pollution

Industrial Sources Responsible for Heavy Metal Pollution

b) Air Pollution Air is considered safe when it contains no harmful dust and gases. Polluted air affects: –Humans –Animals –Vegetation –Materials

Effects from Air Pollution Global warming Ozone depletion (Ozone hole) Acid Rain Various respiratory illnesses

Air Pollution has No Boundaries

Pollution of air Particulate Matter PM10 (<10μm) –Dust (e.g. cement dust, bagasse, foundry dust and wind blown solid dust) –Mist –Smoke –Carbon black –Aerosols

Some Polluting Process Industries Sulfuric Acid Plants Thermal Power Stations Nitric Acid Plants Cement Plants Foundaries Plastic Industries

TRANSPORTATION

c) Land Pollution Urbanization and Concentration of Population Municipal Solid Waste Industrial Waste and Hazardous Waste Uncontrolled “Land Treatment”. Burning open dumps and forest fires Deforestation Mining and Erosion

d) Noise Pollution Exposure to prolong noise affects speech, hearing, general health and behaviour. Noise Levels _ dB –Intensity –frequency –periods of exposure and –duration

Intensity (Loudness) Measure of acoustic energy of the sound vibrations Expressed in terms of sound pressure. Decibels (dB) are the unit of measurement on the Loudness scale

Physical Characteristics of Sound Measurement and human perception of Sound involves three basic physical characteristics: –Intensity –Frequency –Duration

How sound is measured

Comparative Noise Levels (dB)

Industrial Noise Sources Metal fabrication (pressing, grinding, chipping etc.) High pressure burners in furnaces Turbines Compressors Pumps Welding machines Cranes and other vehicles Pipe lines carrying high velocity fluids and solids Vibrating and grinding equipment

Pollution Management Pollution can be controlled by proper choice of preventive and remedial measures

Techniques are changing...

Typical Wastewater Processing

Land Pollution Control Integrated Solid Waste Management Good agricultural practices Remediation of polluted soils Prevention of erosion and silting Containment of hazardous waste and waste water treatment using land treatment techniques.

3R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle

Noise Pollution Control

Waste takes many forms

Occupational Health & Safety Occupational safety and health is the discipline concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of employees of the industry and the general public. Safety in process design can be considered under the following broad headings. –1. Identification and assessment of the hazard –2. Control of hazards –3. Control of the process –4. Limitation of the loss.

Battery Recycling Americans purchase nearly 3 billion dry-cell batteries every year. 350 million are rechargeable. Only 3-5% of primary dry cells are recycled. Nearly 99 million wet-cell lead acid car batteries are manufactured each year

Battery recycling A primary battery will only return 1/50 the energy used to make it. Batteries contain heavy metals such as mercury, lead, cadmium, and nickel, which can contaminate the environment when batteries are improperly disposed of.

Battery Recycling The oceans are starting to show elevated levels of cadmium. NiCd batteries account for 75% of cadmium in landfills. Preserve natural resources.

Industry and Recycling Companies claim it not economically profitable. – Transportation – Sorting Lead acid batteries are the most recycled product

How recycling works? Lead Acid Recycling Plastic is broken up and reused Lead and lead oxide is smelted Sulfuric acid is reclaimed

Recycling other types of batteries NiCd batteries can be reprocessed through a similar Thermal technique NiMH The output of this process is a product with high nickel content which can be used in the manufacture of stainless steel

Recycling other types of batteries Li-İon Currently reprocessed through pyrolysis (heat treatment) with the primary recovery the metal content Zinc-carbon/air and alkaline- manganese can be reprocessed using a number of different methods which include smelting and other thermal-metallurgical processes to recover the metal content (particularly zinc)

Recycling other types of batteries Batteries Containning mercury Most commonly processed using a vacuum – thermal treatment

Advances Mercury battery act – Phase out mercury – Increase Recycling Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation Since 1994, RBRC has recycled more than 20 million pounds of rechargeable batteries. Battery Counsel International

Solutions Purchase rechargeable batteries. Use solar power Battery Deposit Make companies take back products they sell. Make batteries easier to recycle.

Resources gy g Inorganic Chemistry (Shriver, Atkins) Recycling of Consumer Dry Cell batteries (Hurd et al.) ty.htm

The End THANK YOU