Population Geography I (Demography) The Where and Why of Population Density (Concentration) Distribution (Location) Demographics (Characteristics) Dynamics (Over time) Interpretation

“Interpretation:” FACT: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the death rate in the United States due to lung cancer is over 4x higher than in Haiti and over 17x higher than in DR Congo. This is true because… Source: http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/lung-cancers/by-country/

Deaths Due to Other Causes Tuberculosis Deaths (per 100,000) U.S. DR Congo Haiti 0.1 124 50 AIDS Deaths (per 100,000) 3.4 62 96 Malaria Deaths (per 100,000) U.S. DR Congo Haiti 0* 146 10 Diarrheal-Related Deaths (per 100,000) 1.0 134 48

Life Expectancy U.S. DR Congo Haiti M F M F M F 77 82 55 58 62 65

So Remember! “Data” is just a bunch of numbers! In order to effectively use data, you MUST: Analyze Interpret Place into the right context

Population Density Not only WHERE people are located, but the DISTRIBUTION (clustering or dispersion) of people across or within a given region Measured in people per unit of area People per square mile (mi2) People per square kilometer (km2) People per acre

Population Density

World Population Density 2014 people per square mi (mi2)

Population by Continents (2010) Continent Pop (billions) Pop/mi2 Pop% Asia 4.164 246 60 Africa 1.022 65 15 Oz/NZ .029 8 0.4 Europe .738 188 11 North America .542 57 8 South America .393 57 6 World 7.300+ 119

U.S. Population Densities (people/mi2) NJ 1,210 WY 5.5 Washington DC 10,589 Manhattan 66,940 Wisconsin 86 Eau Claire Co. 145 Florence Co. 10 Milwaukee Co. 3,955 Source: 2010 U.S. Census

World Population Densities (people/mi2) Greenland .067 Australia 8.3 Canada 8.8 United States 89.5 Netherlands 1,062 Bangladesh 2,497 Vatican City 4,861 Monaco 43,830 http://www.al-bab.com/arab/econ/economy.htm

Distribution: Why do we live where we live? http://web.uflib.ufl.edu/maps/MAPAFRICA058L.JPG

Trans-Siberian railroads in eastern Russia Omsk http://earth.rice.edu/mtpe/bio/biosphere/hot/humanimpacts/siberia_rail.html http://www.candw.ky/users/cay1501/images/transiberia.jpg http://www.tour-vizit.vladivostok.ru/bam.html

Demography (Population characteristics) Ascribed Gender Race Age Achieved Education Income Occupation Employment Etc. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/bangkok/child/trafficking/images/study.jpg

Census: Count of population and its characteristics http://galen.metapath.org/popclk.html According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the total population of the World, projected to 4/6/15 at 9:55:01 CDT was: 7,161,776,047 http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/popclock

Population Statistics Birth Rate (per 1,000) Death Rate (per 1,000) Fertility Rate (Children born/Woman) Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000) Natural Increase % (Births – Deaths per 1,000) Life Expectancy (years)

World Birth Rate (births per 1,000 population)

World Death Rate (deaths per 1,000 population)

Fertility Rate (# of children per woman of childbearing age)

Infant Mortality Rate (deaths of infants <1 year old) Lack of maternal health care or child nutrition

Infant Mortality Rate in Detroit Dark Purple areas have a higher IMR than at least 60 “Third World” countries, including: Botswana China Cuba Libya Malaysia Nicaragua North Korea Oman Sri Lanka Syria Uzbekistan Vietnam Infant Mortality Rate in Detroit

Dynamics Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) Births - Deaths RNI

RNI Figures (%) “PERIPHERY” “SEMI-PERIPHERY” Uganda 3.4 Niger 3.4 Mali 3.2 Burkina Faso 3.1 Senegal 2.7 Afghanistan 2.5 Iraq 2.4 Tanzania 2.0 Philippines 2.0 Honduras 1.9 Bolivia 1.7 “SEMI-PERIPHERY” Mexico 1.4 India 1.4 Brazil 1.1 “CORE” United States 0.5 China 0.5 France 0.4 Canada 0.2 Denmark 0.0 Hungary -0.3 Serbia -0.5 Ukraine -0.6

Rates of Natural Increase (Birth Rate - Death Rate)

Russians get day off to procreate, then win prizes The Denver Post 12/24/2007 Moscow - A Russian region of Ulyanovsk has found a novel way to fight the nation's birth-rate crisis: It has declared Sept. 12 the Day of Conception and for the third year running is giving couples time off from work to procreate. The hope is for a brood of babies exactly nine months later on Russia's national day. Couples who "give birth to a patriot" during the June 12 festivities win money, cars, refrigerators and other prizes. Russia, with one-seventh of Earth's land surface, has just 141.4 million citizens, making it one of the most sparsely settled countries in the world. With a low birth rate and a high death rate, the population has been shrinking since the early 1990s. In his state-of-the-nation address last year, President Vladimir Putin called the demographic crisis the most acute problem facing Russia and announced a broad effort to boost Russia's birth rate, including cash incentives to families that have more than one child. The 2007 grand prize went to Irina and Andrei Kartuzov, who received a UAZ-Patriot, a sport utility vehicle. Other contestants won video cameras, TVs, refrigerators and washing machines.

Doubling Time “Rule of 70” Number of years it will take for population to double at current growth rate 70 ÷ Growth Rate = Doubling Time Growth Rate Doubling Time Uganda 3.4% 21 years Afghanistan 2.5% 28 years India 1.4% 50 years United States .5% 140 years Denmark 0.0% -- Ukraine -0.6% 117 years* (1/2) http://www.worldpop.org/datafinder.htm

Life Expectancy

AGE DYNAMICS

Dependency Ratio Dependents: Under 15 & over 65 How many supported by 15-65 group? Problems?

“Graying of the Core” Low birth and death rates in Core Low population growth (not including immigration) Steadily older population

Baby Boom (1946-1964) Baby Bust (1965-1980)

Baby Boom impacts yet to come Population Momentum / “Population Echo” Strain on Social Security Growing health care costs Challenge is on YOU to support them financially!

Population Pyramid tracks age-sex groups

U.S. (virtually no growth)

Nigeria (rapid growth)

Argentina (slow growth)

Ukraine?

Germany (effect of wars in 20th Century)

China (One-child policy)

Canada, 1971-2006

Russia, 1990-2050

U.A.E.

Northern Mariana Islands

India ?

Sun City (Arizona) retirement community

Eau Claire County 5.7% 6.4% 4.4% 5.0%

Athens County, OH 8.2% 8.1% 6.0% 7.0%

Demographic Transition Model Move from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates Took centuries of development for Core to make transition More difficult for Periphery to make transition without its own capital, skills, education

Demographic Transition 1 2 3 4

Demographic Transition: Stage 5

“fully developed”—losing manufacturing Stages of Demographic Transition 1. Pre-Industrial Equilibrium (High BR, High DR = basic, subsistence living) 2. Early Industrialization (High BR, Declining DR = better sanitation, health care) 3. Developed Industrialization (Declining BR, Low DR = “modernization,” change of values) 4. Post-Industrial Equilibrium (Low BR, Low DR) = “fully developed”—core countries today 5. Deindustrialization (BR is lower than DR = “fully developed”—losing manufacturing 1 2 3 4 5 Which Stage? Core? Periphery? Semi-Periphery?

Demographic Transition in Denmark Core (low birth / death rates)

(lower death rates, falling birth rates) Demographic Transition in Chile Semi-Periphery (lower death rates, falling birth rates)

Periphery (high birth, high death rates) Demographic Transition in Cape Verde, Africa Periphery (high birth, high death rates)

Theory of “Overpopulation” Thomas Malthus (1766-1834): Theory of “Overpopulation” Famine Disease War

History of World Population 7 2015

Why is Population Growth so High in the Periphery? “Population growth is a symptom of poverty” Lack of education / information Lack of “career” / opportunities Women’s roles (or lack thereof) Lack of access to technology (i.e. contraception) Survival: farm labor, old age Colonial Legacy: Catholicism Q: Because the Core consumes far more resources do we, therefore, foment, encourage, and desire the (re)production of more cheap, unskilled young labor?

Women’s Empowerment: Contraception Rates

Policies to lower birth rate Forced One-child policy (China) Coercive “population control” Gynocide Infanticide Voluntary Availability of birth control Incentives for small families Social Empowerment of women Better health care and education Significant decrease in child labor Social Security