ENERGY SOURCES

TYPES OF SOURCES RENEWABLE: CAN BE REGENERATED IN A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME OR IS BASICALLY UNLIMITED RENEWABLE: CAN BE REGENERATED IN A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME OR IS BASICALLY UNLIMITED NON-RENEWABLE: CAN’T BE REPLACED IN A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME AND IS LIMITED NON-RENEWABLE: CAN’T BE REPLACED IN A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME AND IS LIMITED

NON-RENEWABLE FOSSIL FUELS FOSSIL FUELS –NATURAL GAS –COAL –OIL FISSION FISSION

RENEWABLE HYDRO HYDRO SOLAR SOLAR WOOD WOOD TRASH TRASH GEOTHERMAL GEOTHERMAL WIND WIND FUSION FUSION

GEOTHERMAL

Natural steam from the production wells power the turbine generator. The steam is condensed by evaporation in the cooling tower and pumped down an injection well to sustain production. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

Like all steam turbine generators, the force of steam is used to spin the turbine blades which spin the generator, producing electricity. But with geothermal energy, no fuels are burned. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

Turbine blades inside a geothermal turbine generator. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

Turbine generator outdoors at an Imperial Valley geothermal power plant in California. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

DRY STEAM POWER PLANT In dry steam power plants, the steam (and no water) shoots up the wells and is passed through a rock catcher (not shown) and then directly into the turbine. Dry steam fields are rare. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

THE GEYSERS CALIFORNIA The first geothermal power plants in the U.S. were built in 1962 at The Geysers dry steam field, in northern California. It is still the largest producing geothermal field in the world. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

20 plants are still operating at The Geysers. Wastewater from nearby cities is injected into the field, providing environmentally safe disposal and increased steam to power plants. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

FLASH STEAM POWER PLANT Flash steam power plants use hot water reservoirs. In flash plants, as hot water is released from the pressure of the deep reservoir in a flash tank, some of it flashes to steam. Flash steam power plants use hot water reservoirs. In flash plants, as hot water is released from the pressure of the deep reservoir in a flash tank, some of it flashes to steam.

Flash technology was invented in New Zealand. Flash steam plants are the most common, since most reservoirs are hot water reservoirs. This flash steam plant is in East Mesa, California. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

In a binary cycle power plant (binary means two), the heat from geothermal water is used to vaporize a "working fluid" in separate adjacent pipes. The vapor, like steam, powers the turbine generator. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

In the heat exchanger, heat is transferred from the geothermal water to a second liquid. The geothermal water is never exposed to the air and is injected back into the periphery of the reservoir. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

This power plant provides about 25% of the electricity used on the Big Island of Hawaii. It is a hybrid binary and flash plant. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

Geothermal power could serve 100% of the electrical needs of 39 countries (over 620,000,000 people) in Africa, Central/ South America and the Pacific. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

FUSION POWER

STAR POWER

ADVANTAGES UNLIMITED SUPPLY UNLIMITED SUPPLY NO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS NO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS NO RADIATION NO RADIATION

FUELS DUETERIUM: COULD LAST MILLIONS DUETERIUM: COULD LAST MILLIONS OF YEARS TRITIUM IS BRED FROM LITHIUM LITHIUM: COULD LAST FOR ATLEAST 1000 YEARS

COMBINING HEAVY HYDROGEN ISOTOPES INTO HELIUM RELEASES THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF POWER COMBINING HEAVY HYDROGEN ISOTOPES INTO HELIUM RELEASES THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF POWER en.wikipedia.org

Dueterium + Dueterium  Dueterium + Dueterium  Tritium +Proton  Helium + neutron

FUSION REACTIONS To get molecules to fuse, the repulsion forces must be overcome by: To get molecules to fuse, the repulsion forces must be overcome by: –Gravity (as in stars) –Magnetic fields on plasma –Rapid pulse of energy to a fusion fuel (hydrogen bomb or a pulse of a laser, ion or electron beam)

How can a plasma be confined ?

STAR FUSION en.wikipedia.org

PLASMA Plasmas occur at very high temperatures - the electrons are stripped from the atomic nuclei. (Image courtesy CEA, France) Plasmas occur at very high temperatures - the electrons are stripped from the atomic nuclei. (Image courtesy CEA, France)

HYDROGEN BOMB en.wikipedia.org

Magnetic confinement pinching the field lines at the end -> reflection (“mirror”) pinching the field lines at the end -> reflection (“mirror”) -> linear arrangement Particles move freely along field lines: how to stop the losses in that direction ? two solutions however: a pure toroidal field does not work however: a pure toroidal field does not work need a helical field need a helical field closing the field lines on themselves closing the field lines on themselves -> toroidal confinement

TOKAMAK (MAGNETIC FIELD)

TORUS THE VACUUM CHAMBER OF THE TOKAMAK

MAGNETIC FIELD IN TOKAMAK

TOKAMAK

HEATING THE PLASMA

2.5%, 0.7  T,  P 10 Q (P fus /P i n ) 80+ P  (MW) P aux (MW) 0.5, 1.85 ,,,, 5.3 B t (T) 15(17) I P (MA) 850 V P (m 3 ) 2 a (m) 6.2 R (m) ITER estimated cost : Million Euro ITER will be a nuclear machine: 1.5 x neutrons/s

What is a plasma : fourth state of Matter Increasing Temperature A plasma is electrically conducting and very reactive