2 nd Year Science Mr Cunningham

 Draw a labelled diagram of the flower  Identify the male and female parts of the flower  What is the difference between “Asexual” “Sexual” plant reproduction?  Name a plant that is produced asexually and describe how it grows in this way?  Explain what is meant by a Gamete?  Name the 2 gametes in plants and where they are produced.

 The Carpel is the name for all the female parts of the flower.  Stigma: The stigma is the place where the pollen grains will land.  Style: Connects the Stigma to the Ovary.  Ovary: Contains the Ovules. Each ovule produces an egg which is the female gamete.

 The Stamen contains the male parts of the flower.  Anther is the head of the stamen and where pollen is produced, pollen is the male gamete  The Filament is the tall stalk holding the Anther in place.  Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the Stamen of one plant to the carpel of another plant.

 Asexual Reproduction: New plants are formed only from one parent  Fertilisation is not part of asexual reproduction.  In asexual reproduction the offspring are identical to the parent.

SexualAsexual Two parentsOne parent Gametes involvedNo gametes involved Offspring is different to the parents. Offspring is identical to the parent.

 Strawberry plants produce special stems called Runners  The Runners spread along the ground away from the parent plant  The Runners can then develop new roots and a new shoot, forming new strawberry plants  Strawberry plants produced from runners have one parent and are identical to the parent.

 A Gamete is the name for a sex cell.  In plants like humans there are 2 sex cells  The Pollen is the male gamete produced in the Stamen.  The egg is the female gamete produced in the ovary (part of the carpel)

 A sex cell is called a Gamete!  Sexual reproduction involves 2 Gametes.  Fertilisation is the joining of a male gamete and a female gamete.  The offspring are not identical to the parents and share characteristics of both parents.  This is an advantage to the plants.  The flower contains all the parts needed for sexual reproduction.

 Pollination is the transfer of pollen from a stamen to a carpel  The pollen produced in the stamen is transferred to the Stigma ( the top of the carpel)

 Wind pollination: The wind carries the pollen from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another plant.  Insect Pollination: Insects transfer pollen from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another plant.

 What do you think flowers need to have in order for insects to transfer their pollen to other pants?  What do you think flowers need to have in order for their pollen to be transferred by the wind?

 Insect pollination: Colourful petals are attractive to insects which also collect a substance called nectar from the flower.  Wind pollination: Do not need to be colourful. Their stamens are loosely attached to the flower and easily blown away by wind.

 The joining of the Male and Female gametes (sex cells) to form a Zygote (single cell)  The Zygote will grow to form a seed which becomes the new plant.  Take down the diagram of Fertilisation from the board!

 Once the pollen arrives at the stigma, a Pollen Tube grows down to the egg carrying the pollen  The egg and pollen can fuse together to form the Zygote

 Once fertilization is complete a Seed forms.  A Fruit is formed from the ovary.

 Each seed starts off as a Zygote surrounded by a food supply (the fruit)  The Plumule will from the future shoot of the plant  The Radicle will form the future roots of the plant  What is the fruit formed from??

 After fertilization the ovary becomes the fruit.  The fruit contains the seed.  The fruit protects the seed before it is dispersed. Common fruits include apples, oranges, pears etc.

 Dispersal is the carrying of the seed as far as possible from the parent plant.  Advantage: the young plant does not need to compete with the parent plant for scarce resources such as water and sunlight.  The 4 main ways of dispersal are wind, animal, self and water dispersal!

 Involves the fruit bursting open when it is ripe. The seeds are then flung as far way as possible i.e. peas and beans.  Water Dispersal :Some fruits or seeds are able to float. This allows them to be carried away by streams, rivers etc.

 Germination is the growth of a seed to form a new plant  The conditions necessary for Germination are: 1. Water 2. Oxygen 3. A suitable temperature (warmth)

 The food supply in the seed allows the root and shoot to grow  The roots grow down  The shoots grow up towards the sunlight  Green leaves form and the plant begins to make its own food through Photosynthesis.

 Tube A has 5 cress seeds on wet cotton wool and is in a warm place. This tube is the control can you explain why??  Tube B has 5 cress seeds on dry cotton wool and is in a warm place, what condition is missing?  Tube C has 5 cress seeds covered by boiled, cooled water and a layer of oil and is in a warm place, what condition is missing?  Why is the water boiled and a layer of oil placed over it?

 Tube D has 5 cress seeds on wet cotton wool and is placed in a cold place, What condition is missing in tube D?  What results do we expect? Which test-tubes will have seeds that germinate and why?