Chapter 9 Medical Terminology and Chapter 20 Body Structures: THE URINARY SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Balances water, salts, and acids by removing excess fluids or reabsorbing water as needed Filters the blood to remove urea (major waste product of protein metabolism) and other waste materials Converts waste products and excess fluids into urine in the kidneys and excretes them from the body thru the urinary bladder **all functions required to maintain homeostasis in body

STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM The Kidneys The Renal Pelvis The Nephrons The Ureters 10 – 12 inches long, carry urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder The Urinary Bladder Hollow muscular organ, reservoir for urine The Urethra Extends from the bladder to the outside of the body www.sua.org.sg/ articles_1a.htm

THE KIDNEYS – renal: pertaining to the kidney Constantly filtering blood to remove waste and excess water Location: retroperitoneum, bilaterally below the diaphragm Renal cortex: outer layer of kidney, contains nephrons Medulla: inner layer, contains urine-collecting tubules www.cornwallis.kent.sch.uk/.../ 1organs1.htm

THE NEPHRONS Functional units of the kidneys Form urine by the process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Glomerulus: cluster of capillaries surrounded by a membrane called the Bowman’s Capsule Blood flows into kidney via the renal artery, waste is filtered in the capillaries of the glomerulus (urine), then blood leaves the kidney through the renal vein Waste products are transported to the renal pelvis before entering the ureters

RENAL ARTERY (1) RENAL VEIN (2) RENAL PELVIS (3) MEDULLA (4) RENAL CORTEX (5) URETER (6) ?????????????????????????? WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE PIGMENT THAT GIVES URINE IT’S STRAW COLOR?? UROCHROME www.revisioncentral.co.uk/.../ human_kidneys.html

THE URETHRA (2) Urinary sphincters: control the flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra (proximally) and out of the urethra (distally) through the urethral meatus Urinary meatus: external opening of the urethra The neck of the male urethra is surrounded by the prostate gland www.4woman.gov/faq/ urinary.htm

THE EXCRETION OF URINE Micturition (voiding) Requires coordinated contraction of the bladder muscles and relaxation of the sphincters, forcing the urine through the urethra and out through the urinary meatus www.upmccancercenters.com/.../ prostategland.html

MEDICAL SPECIALTIES RELATED TO THE URINARY SYSTEM Diagnoses and treats diseases and disorders of the kidneys NEPHROLOGIST Diagnoses and treats diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males UROLOGIST

PATHOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Renal Failure Anuria: complete suppression of urine formation Uremia: toxic condition caused by excessive amount of waste products in bloodstream Acute Renal Failure: sudden onset due to injury or surgery Chronic Renal Failure: progressive disease, may require dialysis or transplantation End-Stage Renal Disease: ESRD late stages of renal failure Nephrotic Syndrome: general group of kidney diseases

Kidneys Glomerulonephritis Hydronephrosis: dilation of renal pelvis as a result of obstruction Nephritis: inflammation of the kidney Pyelitis: inflammation of the renal pelvis Pyelonephritis: inflammation of the renal pelvis and of the kidney

Stones (calculus) Abnormal mineral deposit Calculi vary in size Named for the organ or tissue where they are located Nephrolithiasis: characterized by the presence of stones in the kidney

Ureters Hydroureter: distention of the ureter with urine due to obstruction Ureterectasis: distention of the ureter Ureterorrhagia: discharge of blood from the ureter Ureterostenosis: stricture of the ureter

Urinary Bladder Cystalgia: pain in the bladder Cystitis: inflammation of the bladder Interstitial Cystitis: inflammation of the wall of the bladder Cystocele: hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall Cystorrhagia: bleeding from the bladder UTI: infections occur more frequently in women Vesicovaginal Fistula - abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina

Urethra Reflux: blockage of the urethra causing urine to back up into the ureters Urethralgia Urethrostenosis: stricture or stenosis of the urethra www.med.univ-rennes1.fr/cerf/ iconocerf/P/Doss...

Urination Diuresis: increased excretion of urine Dysuria: difficult or painful urination – frequently associated with UTI’s Enuresis: involuntary discharge of urine (nocturnal enuresis) Nocturia: excessive urination during the night Oliguria: scanty urination Urinary Retention: inability to void or empty the bladder

Incontinence: the inability to control excretory functions Urinary Incontinence Urinary Stress Incontinence Urge Incontinence: urination occurs involuntarily as soon as an urgent desire to urinate is felt www.upmc.edu/minsurg/ UrinaryStress.htm

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Catheterization: insertion of a sterile catheter through the urethra, into the bladder Performed to withdraw urine To relieve urinary retention pressures To prevent incontinence during surgical procedures May also be used to place fluids, such as contrast (VCUG) in bladder www.amershamhealth.com/medcyclopaedia/ Volume%...

IVP: radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters Cystoscopy: cysto – visual exam of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope IVP: radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters Iodine is injected into a vein to define structures www.hospital.saga-med.ac.jp/.../ gyoumu.htm

TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Medications Dialysis Kidneys Transplantation Nephrolysis: freeing of a kidney from adhesions Nephrostomy: opening between the pelvis of the kidney through its cortex to the outside Removal of Kidney Stones Lithrotripsy: destruction of a stone with the use of ultrasonic waves traveling through water Nephrolithotomy: surgical removal of kidney stone

TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Ureters Urinary bladder Cystectomy: surgical removal of all or part of bladder Cystopexy: surgical fixation of bladder to the abdominal wall Lithotomy: surgical incision for the removal of a stone, usually from the bladder Suprapubic catheter: indwelling catheter placed into the bladder through a small incision through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone

Urinary cath dialysis nephrectomy Renal stones KUB cystoscopy Medical Terminology chapter 9, pages 248 – 262. Exercises: 1 – 100. Body structures chapter 20, pages 400 – 413. Exercises: Review questions. Body structures work book chapter 20. Exercises: B, D, E, . Delmar video “The Urinary System”, tape 11. Renal stones KUB cystoscopy