Makin’ Hole: The Drilling of Oil Wells I. Drilling rigs II. Drilling mechanisms III. Drilling mud IV. The well below the drilling floor V. Normal drilling operations VI. Directions of drilling VII. Bad things that happen to wells VIII. Fates of wells IX. Geoscience information from wells University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

IX. Geoscience information from wells Information on mud logs (mud log = record of what comes up with drilling mud, produced by a person called a mud logger) Rate of penetration or drill-time log Drilling breaks: rapid increases in rate of penetration, commonly as the result of increased porosity (but new bits cause the same thing, hopefully as noted). Cuttings Subject to frequency of sampling Subject to contamination from previously-drilled strata (“cave”) Logged both as actual arrivals and as inferred lithology drilled Shows (emissions of gas as measured by detectors, and oiled-stained cuttings at detected by fluorescence in UV) Cores Tripping in and out; lessened circulation Side-wall coresSmall samples Logging while drilling (LWD) (and logging while tripping) Measurement while drilling (MWD) Wireline logs Drill stem tests (DSTs)Packer failure Production tests Velocity surveys Bottom-hole temperatures (BHTs)Time since circulation University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

IX. Geoscience information from wells Information on mud logs (mud log = record of what comes up with drilling mud, produced by a person called a mud logger) Rate of penetration or drill-time log Drilling breaks: rapid increases in rate of penetration, commonly as the result of increased porosity (but new bits cause the same thing, hopefully as noted). Cuttings Subject to frequency of sampling Subject to contamination from previously-drilled strata (“cave”) Logged both as actual arrivals and as inferred lithology drilled Shows (emissions of gas as measured by detectors, and oiled-stained cuttings at detected by fluorescence in UV) Cores Tripping in and out; lessened circulation Side-wall coresSmall samples Logging while drilling (LWD) (and logging while tripping) Measurement while drilling (MWD) Wireline logs Drill stem tests (DSTs)Packer failure Production tests Velocity surveys Bottom-hole temperatures (BHTs)Time since circulation University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

IX. Geoscience information from wells Information on mud logs (mud log = record of what comes up with drilling mud, produced by a person called a mud logger) Rate of penetration or drill-time log Drilling breaks: rapid increases in rate of penetration, commonly as the result of increased porosity (but new bits cause the same thing, hopefully as noted). Cuttings Subject to frequency of sampling Subject to contamination from previously-drilled strata (“cave”) Logged both as actual arrivals and as inferred lithology drilled Shows (emissions of gas as measured by detectors, and oiled-stained cuttings at detected by fluorescence in UV) Cores Tripping in and out; lessened circulation Side-wall coresSmall samples Logging while drilling (LWD) (and logging while tripping) Measurement while drilling (MWD) Wireline logs Drill stem tests (DSTs)Packer failure Production tests Velocity surveys Bottom-hole temperatures (BHTs)Time since circulation University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

IX. Geoscience information from wells Information on mud logs (mud log = record of what comes up with drilling mud, produced by a person called a mud logger) Rate of penetration or drill-time log Drilling breaks: rapid increases in rate of penetration, commonly as the result of increased porosity (but new bits cause the same thing, hopefully as noted). Cuttings (pieces of rock generated by bit and flushed up hole). Subject to frequency of sampling Subject to contamination from previously-drilled strata (“cave”) Logged both as actual arrivals and as inferred lithology drilled Shows (emissions of gas as measured by detectors, and oiled-stained cuttings at detected by fluorescence in UV) Cores Tripping in and out; lessened circulation Side-wall coresSmall samples Logging while drilling (LWD) (and logging while tripping) Measurement while drilling (MWD) Wireline logs Drill stem tests (DSTs)Packer failure Production tests Velocity surveys Bottom-hole temperatures (BHTs)Time since circulation University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

IX. Geoscience information from wells Information on mud logs (mud log = record of what comes up with drilling mud, produced by a person called a mud logger) Rate of penetration or drill-time log Drilling breaks: rapid increases in rate of penetration, commonly as the result of increased porosity (but new bits cause the same thing, hopefully as noted). Cuttings (pieces of rock generated by bit and flushed up hole). Subject to frequency of sampling Subject to contamination from previously-drilled strata (“cave”) Logged both as actual arrivals and as inferred lithology drilled Shows (emissions of gas as measured by detectors, and oiled-stained cuttings at detected by fluorescence in UV) Cores Tripping in and out; lessened circulation Side-wall coresSmall samples Logging while drilling (LWD) (and logging while tripping) Measurement while drilling (MWD) Wireline logs Drill stem tests (DSTs)Packer failure Production tests Velocity surveys Bottom-hole temperatures (BHTs)Time since circulation University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

IX. Geoscience information from wells Information on mud logs (mud log = record of what comes up with drilling mud, produced by a person called a mud logger) Rate of penetration or drill-time log Drilling breaks: rapid increases in rate of penetration, commonly as the result of increased porosity (but new bits cause the same thing, hopefully as noted). Cuttings Subject to frequency of sampling Subject to contamination from previously-drilled strata (“cave”) Logged both as actual arrivals and as inferred lithology drilled Shows (emissions of gas as measured by detectors, and oiled-stained cuttings at detected by fluorescence in UV) Cores Tripping in and out; lessened circulation Side-wall coresSmall samples Logging while drilling (LWD) (and logging while tripping) Measurement while drilling (MWD) Wireline logs Drill stem tests (DSTs)Packer failure Production tests Velocity surveys Bottom-hole temperatures (BHTs)Time since circulation University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

Whittaker, 2010, The Online Mudlogging Handbook ? ?

University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology Whittaker, 2010, The Online Mudlogging Handbook ?

University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology Whittaker, 2010, The Online Mudlogging Handbook

IX. Geoscience information from wells Information on mud logs Cores Cylinders of rock cut by core-barrel rather than drill bit Great sources of lithologic/petrophysical information Not commonly taken because core barrels only hold 60 feet (thus lots of time in tripping out and in and out etc.) Not commonly taken because circulation is diminished while coring Recovery is usually not 100% Side-wall cores Small samples taken after drilling by explosive-propelled cups on a wireline tool. Logging while drilling (LWD) (and logging while tripping) Measurement while drilling (MWD) Wireline logs Drill stem tests (DSTs)Packer failure Production tests Velocity surveys Bottom-hole temperatures (BHTs)Time since circulation University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

IX. Geoscience information from wells Information on mud logs Cores Cylinders of rock cut by core-barrel rather than drill bit Great sources of lithologic/petrophysical information Not commonly taken because core barrels only hold 60 feet (thus lots of time in tripping out and in and out etc.) Not commonly taken because circulation is diminished while coring Recovery is usually not 100% Side-wall cores Small samples taken after drilling by explosive-propelled cups on a wireline tool. Logging while drilling (LWD) (and logging while tripping) Measurement while drilling (MWD) Wireline logs Drill stem tests (DSTs)Packer failure Production tests Velocity surveys Bottom-hole temperatures (BHTs)Time since circulation University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

joshuahicks.us/about_me

IX. Geoscience information from wells Information on mud logs Cores Cylinders of rock cut by core-barrel rather than drill bit Great sources of lithologic/petrophysical information Not commonly taken because core barrels only hold 60 feet (thus lots of time in tripping out and in and out etc.) Not commonly taken because circulation is diminished while coring Recovery is usually not 100% Side-wall cores Small samples taken after drilling by explosive-propelled cups on a wireline tool. Logging while drilling (LWD) (and logging while tripping) Measurement while drilling (MWD) Wireline logs Drill stem tests (DSTs)Packer failure Production tests Velocity surveys Bottom-hole temperatures (BHTs)Time since circulation University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

Explosive caps for side-wall core samples krandeegroup.com/theuvenins_5/album1.html

University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology from the webpages of the Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Board ( Side-wall core samples

IX. Geoscience information from wells Information on mud logs Cores Side-wall cores Drill stem tests (DSTs) Test of flow rate and pressure in interval of hole sealed with packer(s) on end of drill string. Failure of packers against wall of open hole is a common problem. Wireline logs Responses from tools/sensors lowered into the hole on cables and pulled upward. Detection of electrical, radioactive, acoustic, and other properties. Logging while drilling (LWD) (and logging while tripping) Measurement while drilling (MWD) Production tests Velocity surveys Bottom-hole temperatures (BHTs)Time since circulation University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

Assaad 2008

IX. Geoscience information from wells Information on mud logs Cores Side-wall cores Drill stem tests (DSTs) Test of flow rate and pressure in interval of hole sealed with packer(s) on end of drill string. Failure of packers against wall of open hole is a common problem. Wireline logs Responses from tools/sensors lowered into the hole on cables and pulled upward. Detection of electrical, radioactive, acoustic, and other properties. Logging while drilling (LWD) (and logging while tripping) Measurement while drilling (MWD) Production tests Velocity surveys Bottom-hole temperatures (BHTs)Time since circulation University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

IX. Geoscience information from wells Information on mud logs Cores Side-wall cores Drill stem tests (DSTs) Test of flow rate and pressure in interval of hole sealed with packer(s) on end of drill string. Failure of packers against wall of open hole is a common problem. Wireline logs Responses from tools/sensors lowered into the hole on cables and pulled upward. Detection of electrical, radioactive, acoustic, and other properties. Logging while drilling (LWD) (and logging while tripping) Measurement while drilling (MWD) Production tests Velocity surveys Bottom-hole temperatures (BHTs)Time since circulation University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

petrophysicssimlab.com/psl_details.html

IX. Geoscience information from wells Information on mud logs Cores Side-wall cores Drill stem tests (DSTs) Test of flow rate and pressure in interval of hole sealed with packer(s) on end of drill string. Failure of packers against wall of open hole is a common problem. Wireline logs Responses from tools/sensors lowered into the hole on cables and pulled upward. Detection of electrical, radioactive, acoustic, and other properties. Logging while drilling (LWD) (and logging while tripping) Measurement while drilling (MWD) Production tests Velocity surveys Bottom-hole temperatures (BHTs)Time since circulation University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

Rigzone

Logging-while-drilling technology Rigzone

Measurement-while-drilling technology Rigzone University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

IX. Geoscience information from wells Information on mud logs Cores Side-wall cores Drill stem tests (DSTs) Wireline logs Logging while drilling (LWD) (and logging while tripping) Measurement while drilling (MWD) Production tests Measurement of rate of flow from bottom of hole or from perforations of casing. Vertical seismic profiles Measurement of travel time of seismic pulses from surface to bottom of hole. Bottom-hole temperatures (BHTs) Measurement of temperature Problem: circulation of mud and movement of tool stir mud, disturbing equilibrium distribution of temperature. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

IX. Geoscience information from wells Information on mud logs Cores Side-wall cores Drill stem tests (DSTs) Wireline logs Logging while drilling (LWD) (and logging while tripping) Measurement while drilling (MWD) Production tests Measurement of rate of flow from bottom of hole or from perforations of casing. Vertical seismic profiles Measurement of travel time of seismic pulses from surface to bottom of hole. Bottom-hole temperatures (BHTs) Measurement of temperature Problem: circulation of mud and movement of tool stir mud, disturbing equilibrium distribution of temperature. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

IX. Geoscience information from wells Information on mud logs Cores Side-wall cores Drill stem tests (DSTs) Wireline logs Logging while drilling (LWD and LWT) Measurement while drilling (MWD) Production tests Vertical seismic profiles Bottom-hole temperatures (BHTs) University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology