Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, MunichOff-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Astrophysical and Cosmological Axion Bounds Georg G. Raffelt, Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, München Sun Globular Cluster Supernova 1987A Dark Matter

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 High- and Low-Energy Frontiers in Particle Physics eV Planck mass GUT scale Electroweak scale QCD scale Cosmological constant WIMP dark matter (related to EW scale, perhaps SUSY) Axion dark matter (related to Peccei-Quinn symmetry) High-Energy Frontier CERN Low-E Frontier

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Axion and Relatives String axions (almost massless pseudoscalars in string theory) Need not solve CP problem Hidden photons Low-mass gauge boson from U’(1) (Parameters: kinetic mixing, mass) WISPs (Weakly Interacting Slim Particles)

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 The CP Problem of Strong Interactions Real quark mass Phase from Yukawa coupling Angle variable Remove phase of mass term by chiral transformation of quark fields

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Strong CP Problem Equivalent

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Axion Properties Mass (generic) Nucleon coupling (axial vector) Electron coupling (optional) Gluon coupling (generic) Photon coupling (also for ALPs) Pion coupling N N a e e a a G G   a a  

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, MunichOff-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Solar Axions and ALPs Sun Globular Cluster Supernova 1987A Dark Matter

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Experimental Tests of Invisible Axions Pierre Sikivie: Macroscopic B-field can provide a large coherent transition rate over a big volume (low-mass axions) Axion helioscope: Look at the Sun through a dipole magnet Axion haloscope: Look for dark-matter axions with A microwave resonant cavity

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Search for Solar Axions  a Sun Primakoff production Axion Helioscope (Sikivie 1983)  Magnet S N a Axion-Photon-Oscillation  Tokyo Axion Helioscope (“Sumico”) (Results since 1998, up again 2008)  CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST) (Data since 2003) Axion flux Alternative technique: Bragg conversion in crystal Experimental limits on solar axion flux from dark-matter experiments (SOLAX, COSME, DAMA, CDMS...)

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Helioscope Limits CAST-I results: PRL 94: (2005) and JCAP 0704 (2007) 010 CAST-II results (He-4 filling): JCAP 0902 (2009) 008 CAST-II results (He-3 filling): PRL 107: (2011) and PRL 112, (2014) First experimental crossing of the KSVZ line

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Parameter Space for Axion-Like Particles (ALPs)

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Parameter Space for Axion-Like Particles (ALPs)

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Next Generation Axion Helioscope (IAXO) at CERN Irastorza et al.: Towards a new generation axion helioscope, arXiv: Armengaud et al.: Conceptual Design of the International Axion Observatory (IAXO), arXiv:

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Parameter Space for Axion-Like Particles (ALPs)

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Recent “shining-light-through-a-wall” or vacuum birefringence experiments: ALPS BMV BFRT GammeV LIPPS OSQAR PVLAS Photon Regeneration Experiments Ehret et al. (ALPS Collaboration), arXiv: (DESY, using HERA dipole magnet) (Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intens, Toulouse) (Brookhaven, 1993) (Fermilab) (Jefferson Lab) (CERN, using LHC dipole magnets) (INFN Trieste)

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Parameter Space for Axion-Like Particles (ALPs) ALPS-II at DESY

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Any Light Particle Search II (ALPS-II) at DESY ALPS-I (finished) ALPS-IIb (2015) ALPS-IIa (2014) ALPS-IIc (2017) ALPS-II Technical Design Report, arXiv:

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, MunichOff-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Axion-Photon-Conversion from SN 1987A SN 1987A SMM Axion-photon conversion in transverse galactic B-field Payez, Evoli, Fischer, Giannotti, Mirizzi & Ringwald, arXiv: Galactic B-field models Primakoff production in SN core No excess  rays in coincidence with SN 1987A

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Parameter Space for Axion-Like Particles (ALPs)

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, MunichOff-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Shining TeV Gamma Rays through the Universe Figure from a talk by Manuel Meyer (Univ. Hamburg)

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Parameter Space for Axion-Like Particles (ALPs)

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Axion-Photon-Transitions as Particle Oscillations Stationary Klein-Gordon equation for coupled a-  -system in a transverse B-field Axions roughly like a photon polarization state In a slowly varying B-field, a photon beam develops a coherent axion component [Raffelt & Stodolsky, PRD 37 (1988) 1237 ]

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, MunichOff-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Axions from Normal Stars Sun Supernova 1987A Dark Matter Globular Cluster

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, MunichOff-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Galactic Globular Clusters

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 New ALP Limits from Globular Clusters Ayala, Dominguez, Giannotti, Mirizzi & Straniero, arXiv: Planck Helium abundance and energy loss rate from modern number counts HB/RGB in 39 globular clusters

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Parameter Space for Axion-Like Particles (ALPs)

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Color-Magnitude Diagram of Globular Cluster M5 Viaux, Catelan, Stetson, Raffelt, Redondo, Valcarce & Weiss, arXiv: CMD (a) before and (b) after cleaningCMD of brightest 2.5 mag of RGB Brightest red giant measures nonstandard energy loss

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Limits on Axion-Electron Coupling from GC M5 I-band brightness of tip of red-giant brach [magnitudes] Detailed account of theoretical and observational uncertainties Viaux, Catelan, Stetson, Raffelt, Redondo, Valcarce & Weiss, arXiv: Uncertainty dominated by distance Can be improved in future (GAIA mission) Mass limit in DFSZ modelLimit on axion-electron Yukawa

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Axion Bounds from WD Luminosity Function Miller Bertolami, Melendez, Althaus & Isern, arXiv: ,

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Period Change of Variable White Dwarfs Córsico et al., arXiv: White dwarf G117−B15AWhite dwarf R548 Córsico et al., arXiv:

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, MunichOff-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 SN 1987A Neutrino Signal Sun Dark Matter Globular Cluster Supernova 1987A

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Supernova 1987A Energy-Loss Argument SN 1987A neutrino signal Late-time signal most sensitive observable Emission of very weakly interacting particles would “steal” energy from the neutrino burst and shorten it. (Early neutrino burst powered by accretion, not sensitive to volume energy loss.) Neutrino diffusion Neutrino sphere Volume emission Volume emission of new particles of new particles

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Cooling of Neutron Star in Cas A Leinson, arXiv: Chandra x-ray image of non-pulsar compact remnant Measured surface temperature over 10 years reveals unusually fast cooling rate Neutron Cooper pair breaking and formation (PBF) as neutrino emission process? Evidence for extra cooling (by axions)?

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Axion Bounds and Searches Too much CDM (misalignment) (misalignment) TelescopeExperiments Helium-burning stars (a-  -coupling, hadronic axions) SN 1987A Too many events Too much energy loss Too much hot dark matter CAST Hadronic axions ADMX Search (Seattle & Yale) [GeV] f a eVkeVmeV  eV mama neV Globular clusters (He ignition), WD cooling (a-e coupling) Too much cold dark matter Too much cold dark matter (re-alignment with  i = 1) (re-alignment with  i = 1)StringDW AnthropicRange CASPEr Future EUCLID

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 CP-Violating Forces bulk spin

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Long-Range Force Experiments Long-range force limits from tests of Newton’s law and equivalence principle (Mostly from Eöt-Wash Group, Seattle) bulk spin Torsion+astro Torsion (bulk-spin) Raffelt, arXiv:

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 NMR Experiment Experiment to be developed by Yun-Chang Shin at CAPP (Daejeon, Korea)

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, MunichOff-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Cosmological Constraints Sun Globular Cluster Supernova 1987A Dark Matter

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Creation of Cosmological Axions Axions are born as nonrelativistic, classical field oscillations Very small mass, yet cold dark matter

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Cosmic Axion Density Modern values for QCD parameters and temperature-dependent axion mass imply (Bae, Huh & Kim, arXiv: )

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Axion Production by Domain Wall and String Decay

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Lee-Weinberg Curve for Axions Cosmic Strings & Domain Walls Realignment Javier Redondo 2014

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Axion Bounds and Searches Too much CDM (misalignment) (misalignment) TelescopeExperiments Helium-burning stars (a-  -coupling, hadronic axions) SN 1987A Too many events Too much energy loss Too much hot dark matter CAST Hadronic axions ADMX Search (Seattle & Yale) [GeV] f a eVkeVmeV  eV mama neV Globular clusters (He ignition), WD cooling (a-e coupling) Too much cold dark matter Too much cold dark matter (re-alignment with  i = 1) (re-alignment with  i = 1)StringDW AnthropicRange CASPEr Future EUCLID

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Creation of Adiabatic vs. Isocurvature Perturbations Inflaton fieldAxion field Slow roll Reheating De Sitter expansion imprints scale invariant fluctuations Inflaton decay  matter & radiation Both fluctuate the same: Adiabatic fluctuations Inflaton decay  radiation Axion field oscillates late  matter Matter fluctuates relative to radiation: Entropy fluctuations De Sitter expansion imprints scale invariant fluctuations

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Isocurvature Forecast Hubble scale during inflation Axion decay constant Hamann, Hannestad, Raffelt & Wong, arXiv:

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 BEC Formation ~ 130 citations

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Axion and Axion-Like Particle Searches FNAL LSW Project Center for Axion & Precision Physics (KAIST, Korea) Axion Dark Matter Experiment (UW, Seattle) ADMX-HF (Yale) WISPDMX ( DESY ) CASPEr, HIM (Mainz) CERN IAXO Proposal (CERN)

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Dow Jones Index of Axion Physics inSPIRE: Citation of Peccei-Quinn papers or title axion (and similar)

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015 Pie Chart of Dark Universe Dark Energy ~ 70% Dark Energy ~ 70% (Cosmological Constant) (Cosmological Constant) Neutrinos Neutrinos 0.1  2% 0.1  2% Dark Matter ~ ~ 25% ~ Ordinary Matter ~ 5% (of this only about 10% luminous)