Cytology I. Introduction A. Definition B. Differentiation

Figure 3.1

C. Generalized Parts

Figure 3.2

II. Cell Membrane A. Structure

1. Molecular Make-up & Function Figure 3.3

B. Specializations - Junctions

1. Tight = Fusing of neighboring cell membranes together Figure 3.5a

2. Desmosome = Fibers connecting cell membranes together Figure 3.5b

3. Gap = Tubular connections of neighboring cells Figure 3.5c

C. Specializations - Extensions

1. Microvilli = short non-moving membrane folding to increase cell’s overall surface area 2. Cilia = long, moving internal cellular extensions to move something across the cell surface

3. Flagella = move the entire cell

D. Function 1. Generalized

Figure 3.4

2. Passive Transport

a. Requirements = Favorable Concentration Gradient, Small Molecules, Requires No Energy Expenditure, and Relatively Non-polar Molecules b. Mechanisms = Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis

Figure 3.7

Osmosis  movement of a solvent (usually H2O) across a semi-permeable membrane Figure 3.8a Figure 3.8b

Osmotic conditions Figure 3.9

3. Active Transport

a. Requirements = Uses Energy, Protein Channel, Large Molecules, and Goes against the Concentration Gradient b. Mechanisms = Molecular, Bulk (Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis), or Cell-Mediated

Molecular Figure 3.10

Bulk Endocytosis Cell-Mediated Exocytosis Figure 3.12

III. Cytoplasmic Components A. Cytosol or Cytoplasm

1. Consistency 2. Molecular Make-up Consistency  like thickening Jell-O or a colloid suspension Make-up  92% water, 7% protein, gases, salts, lipids, and the like dissolved in the water 1. Consistency 2. Molecular Make-up

B. Organelles 1. Membrane Bound

a. Mitochondria = Energy Transformer Figure 3.17

b. Endomembrane System = rER, sER, and Golgi

c. House cleaners = Lysosome or Peroxisome

d. Nucleus = the keeper of the plans Envelope, nucleolus, and pores Figure 3.29

The plans Euchromatin vs. Heterochromatin

e. Vacuoles = Cell storage sites Food (sugars, lipids, etc.) or Contractile (water storage)

2. Non-membrane Bound

a. Cytoskeleton

b. Centrioles c. Free Ribosomes

IV. Cell Cycle A. Definition B. Stages

The Cell Cycle Figure 3.31

C. Time Allotment & Control

External controls  outside influence What could be a signal?

Cell contact can inhibit cellular growth.

Internal controls == internal clock Cyclin Cdk MPF

D. Cancer

Cancer == benign, malignant, or metastatic

V. Mitosis A. Definition B. Phases & Events

Mitosis  interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Interphase = time between mitotic divisions and does G1, S, and G2 of cell cycle Prophase = condense chromosomes, dismantle the nuclear membrane, and start to build spindle from centrioles Metaphase = attach chromatids to spindle via centromere and line up chromatids across equator Anaphase = move chromatids toward poles via spindles Telophase = reverse steps of Prophase

VI. Cytokinesis A. Definition B. Events

VII. DNA Replication A. Definition B. Events & Players

VII. Protein Synthesis A. Transcription 1. Definition 2. Events & Players

Figure 3.35

B. Translation 1. Definition 2. Events & Players

Figure 3.37

Figure 3.36

Diligence can lead to success.