Heart Actions Cardiac Cycle: One complete heartbeat. The contraction of a heart chamber is called systole and the relaxation of a chamber is called diastole.

Cardiac cycle 1 complete sequence of pumping heart contracts & pumps heart relaxes & chambers fill contraction phase systole ventricles pumps blood out relaxation phase diastole atria refill with blood

Heart Sounds - Opening and Closing of Valves, "Lub Dub" Stethoscope - instrument to listen and measure heart sounds

AV SL AV Lub-dub, lub-dub Heart sounds - closing of valves “Lub” force blood against closed AV valves signifies beginning of systole “Dub” force of blood against semilunar valves close at the beginning of ventricular diastole

Heart murmur Irregular heart sounds leaking valve causes hissing sound blood squirts backward through valve

The cusps (flaps) of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves are anchored to the ventricle walls by fibrous “cords” called chordae tendineae, which attach to the wall by papillary muscles. This prevents the valves from being pushed up into the atria during ventricular systole. Can you identify these parts?

1.Right Atrium 2.Right Atrioventricular Valve (Tricuspid Valve) 3.Right Ventricle 4.Left Atrium 5.Left Atrioventricular Valve (Mitral Valve) 6.Left Ventricle 7. Papillary Muscle 8.Chordae Tendinae 9. Mitral Valve cusps

Blood pressure is the force of blood against the walls of arteries. Blood pressure is recorded as two numbers—the systolic pressure (as the heart beats) over the diastolic pressure (as the heart relaxes between beats).

pump (peak pressure) _________________ fill (minimum pressure) How is this reflected in blood pressure measurements? chambers fill ventricles fill ventricles pump systolic ________ diastolic 110 ________ 80

The average (normal) blood pressure for an adult is 120/80. This number varies by person and it is best if you know what is *normal* for you, so that you (or your doctor) recognize when something is not normal. We will be doing a lab where you will learn to use a this device and check your own blood pressure. SPHYGMOMANOMETER

Measurement of blood pressure hypertension = (high blood pressure) if systolic > 150 or if diastolic > 90

Factors affecting blood pressure: Average is 120/80 (higher number is the systolic pressure) 1. Cardiac Output 2. Blood volume (5 liters for avg adult) 3. Blood Viscosity 4. Peripheral Resistance

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Cardiac Output (CO) Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute CO = heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV) HR = number of beats per minute SV = volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Cardiac Output (CO) At rest CO (ml/min) = HR (75 beats/min)  SV (70 ml/beat) = 5.25 L/min Maximal CO is 4–5 times resting CO in nonathletic people Maximal CO may reach 35 L/min in trained athletes Cardiac reserve: difference between resting and maximal CO

Electrical signals allows atria to empty completely before ventricles contract stimulates ventricles to contract from bottom to top, driving blood into arteries heart pumping controlled by electrical impulses signal also transmitted to skin = EKG

Cardiac Conduction S-A Node Junctional Fibers A-V Node A-V Bundle Perkinje Fibers

Can you identify these parts?

1 Sinoatrial node (Pacemaker) 2 Atrioventricular node 3 Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His) 4 Left & Right Bundle branches 5 Bundle Branches (Purkinje Fibers)

View the heart animations at McGraw Hill to understand the Cardiac Cycle McGraw Hill

Regulation of Cardiac Cycle controlled by the cardiac center within the medulla oblongata. The cardiac center signals heart to increase or decrease its rate according to many factors that the brain constantly monitors. Muscle Activity Body Temperature Blood ion levels (potassium & calcium)

Variables in Heart Rate Increased muscle activity = Higher oxygen demands = increase in heart rate Higher Body temperature = increased heart rate; Lower body temp = lower heart rate Blood level of certain ions - Potassium High = Lower heart rate; Potassium Low = Higher heart rate - Calcium high = Higher heart rate; Calcium Low = Lower heart rate

ECG – electrocardiogram – a recording of the electrical events (changes) during a cardiac cycle P Wave – depolarization of the atria (atrial contraction – systole) QRS Complex – depolarization of the ventricles (ventricular contraction, systole) T Wave – Repolarization of the ventricles Heart Sounds – opening and closing of the valves, flow of blood into and out of the chambers, vibrations in muscle

Irregular Heart Rates Arrhythmia-irregular heart rate Tachycardia- rapid heartbeat (>100 BPM) Bradycardia-slow heartbeat ( < 60 BPM) Fibrillation = rapid, uncoordinated unsynchronized heart rate. Atria (not serious. Ventricles (deadly)

SADS = (Sudden Arrhythmia Death Syndromes or Sudden Adult Death Syndrome) Routine ECG Screening may help prevent deaths in young people

Interpreting ECGs An ECG is printed on paper covered with a grid of squares. Notice that five small squares on the paper form a larger square. The width of a single small square on ECG paper represents 0.04 seconds. A common length of an ECG printout is 6 seconds; this is known as a "six second strip."

Analyze an ECG Each one of the figures represents an ECG pattern displaying three types of abnormal rhythms. Identify: Arrhythmia Tachycardia Bradycardia

Defibrillator common treatment for life- threatening cardiac arrhythmia The device shocks the heart and allows it to re-establish its normal rhythm The device can also be used to start a heart that has stopped.