Robotics

Introduction Of Robotics  Robot and Robotics technologies represented a practical applications of physics, computer science, engineering and mathematics.  It provides a very powerful and flexible approach to demonstrate a variety of engineering concept.

What is a Robot ? As such no formal defination, Research Engineers at Robosapiensindia came up with the undermentioned defination… “ An electrical or mechanical or electromechanical, programmable or non programmable multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks”

Introduction A robot may not harm a human through action or inaction, allow a human to come to harm A robot must obey the orders given by human beings, except when such orders conflict with the First Law A robot must protect its own existence as long as it does not conflict with the First or Second Laws Isaac Asimov popularized the term robotics. Asimov is a visionary who envisioned in the 1930’s the positronic brain for controlling robots. He invented the three laws of robotics:

What the word robot means and its origins Some of the current uses of robots in society Explain some of the key problems involved in designing and building robots Learning Objective

Large organisations and companies reap many benefits from robotic technologies because: Robots are less expensive than paying human workers over the long run and robots are not prone to injure themselves. Current Robotic Technologies

Robots are used internationally by Police, Army, Navy and Air force organisations Robotic technology is used to deal with hazardous situations such as dealing with suspicious packages, riots and for the collection of foreign intelligence NASA scientists use robotic technologies (Mars Explorer) to explore other planets Robots are currently used for situations where human safety is an issue

Industrial Application Repetitive tasks High speed High precision movements Pre-planned trajectories and task policies Automated and no human interference required

Current Robots

Design Goals: Sensor-rich Controllable Reliability Efficiency

Shared Challenges Configuring sensors and actuators in running system Coordinating sensors and actuators asynchronously monitoring/interacting/debugging running system Development when access to robot is limited Re-use of components across hardware platforms and device

Robotics in Movies MATRIX I-ROBOT TERMINATOR

Contd….. All these movies are based on the fact that rules of robotics are violated Robots turn against their very own creators humans So we should build robots keeping the rules of robotics in mind

Robotics Fiction Matrix is an artificial reality created by sentient machines in order to pacify and subdue the human population It contains numerous references to philosophical and religious ideas and to the hacker subculture, as well as homage’s to the style of Japanese animation and cyberpunk It shows the conflict between humans & machines and shows how machines can turn hostile against humans if not controlled cautiously

A robot must have the following essential characteristics Mobility : It possesses some form of mobility. Programmability: It can be programmed to accomplish a large variety of tasks. After being programmed, it operates automatically. Sensors: On or around the device that are able to sense the environment and give useful feedback to the device. Mechanical capability: Enabling it to act on its environment rather than merely function as a data processing or computational device (a robot is a machine); and Flexibility: It can operate using a range of programs and manipulates in a variety of ways.

Asimo ASIMO is a humanoid robot created by Honda. ASIMO was created at Honda’s Research & Development Wako Fundamental Technical Research Center in Japan. The name ASIMO is an acronym for “Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility”.

Contd….. The main concept behind Honda's robot was to create a more viable mobility that allow robots to help and live in harmony with people. ASIMO has the unique ability to walk forward, backward, side step and even climb stairs with human-like agility. With the capability to navigate and operate in our world, ASIMO will be able to perform tasks to assist. ASIMO has two Degrees of Freedom on its neck, six on each arm and six on each leg. ASIMO may also someday be helpful in dangerous work environments such as moving harmful chemicals or fighting fires.

Kismet is a robot made in the late 1990s at Massachusetts Institute of Technology with auditory, visual and expressive systems intended to participate in human social interaction and to demonstrate simulated human emotion and appearance. The name Kismet comes from the Arabic, Turkish, Urdu Hindi and Punjabi word meaning "fate" or sometimes "luck". Kismet (robot)

Contd.... Kismet simulates emotion through various facial expressions, vocalizations, and movement. Facial expressions are created through movements of the ears, eyebrows, eyelids, lips, jaw, and head.  Four color CCD cameras mounted on a stereo active vision head and two wide field of view cameras allow Kismet to decide what to pay attention to and to estimate distances.  Maxon DC servo motors with high resolution optical encoders are positioned to give Kismet three degrees of eye movement, which allow it to control gaze direction and gives Kismet the ability to move and orient its eyes like a human. This allows Kismet to simulate human visual behaviors.

iCub robot

Contd....  The iCub is a small-size humanoid robot being designed by the RobotCub Consortium, consisting of several European universities.  The iCub is the humanoid baby-robot being designed within the RobotCub project. It is a full humanoid robot sized as a three and half year-old child; about 3 feet tall. It has 53 degrees of freedom, including articulated hands that are used for manipulation and gesturing.  iCub robot, like a human child and it is a fine simulation of a human child. The iCub is able to crawl and walk, make human- like eye and head movements and recognise and grasp objects.

Conclusion Although most robots in use today are designed for specific tasks, the goal is to make universal robots, robots flexible enough to do just about anything a human can do.

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