Essential reading: SPINČIĆ, A., An English Textbook For Marine Engineers I., Pomorski fakultet, Rijeka LUZER, J., SPINČIĆ, A., Gramatička vježbenica engleskog jezika za pomorce, Pomorski fakultet, Rijeka Tomislav Skračić, MA Undergraduate English Course for MARINE ENGINEERS 2nd Semester

KEY WORDS spontaneous combustion - samozapaljenje at a graduated rate- stupnjevanom količinom / brzinom a wide range- širok raspon / izbor regarding- s obzirom na with regard to - s obzirom na feature (n.)- značajka, kvaliteta, osobina operating cyclus- radni ciklus invariably- nepromijenjivo, redovito in-line engine = L-engine- redni motor, L-motor (s cilindrima poredanim u red) V-engine = Vee engine- V-motor (s cilindrima složenim u 2 reda pod kutem) single-acting engine- jednoradni motor double-acting engine- dvoradni motor opposed-piston engine- motor s protuhodnim klipovima DIESEL ENGINES

KEY WORDS trunk-piston engine- klipni motor (bez križne glave) crosshead engine- motor s križnom glavom direct coupled engine = direct drive engine- motor s neposrednim pogonom propelera, bez reduktora geared engine = indirect drive engine- motor s posrednim pogonom propelera, s reduktorom reduction gearing- reduktor shafting (n.)- osovinski sustav clockwise- u smjeru kazaljke na satu anticlockwise / counterclockwise - obrnuto smjeru kazaljke na satu direct-reversible engine- direktno-prekretni motor non-reversible engine / unidirectional engine- neprekretni motor DIESEL ENGINES

The diesel engine is a compression ignition engine = a type of engine in which air is compressed to a pressure sufficient enough to produce a high temperature for spontaneous combustion of the fuel injected into the cylinder at the graduated rate. DIESEL ENGINES

Rudolf Diesel (1858 – 1913) was a German inventor and mechanical engineer, famous for the invention of the Diesel engine. DIESEL ENGINES

The diesel engine underwent much development and became a very important replacement for the steam piston engine in many applications. Because the diesel engine required a heavier, more robust construction than a gasoline engine, it was not widely used in aviation. The diesel engine became widespread in many other applications, however, such as stationary engines, submarines, ships, and much later, locomotives, trucks, and in modern automobiles. Diesel engines are most often found in applications where a high torque requirement and low RPM requirement exist. DIESEL ENGINES

1.OPERATING CYCLE 2.CYLINDER ARRANGEMENT 3.PISTON ACTION 4.PISTON CONNECTION 5.ENGINE SPEED 6.ENGINE DRIVE TYPES OF DIESEL ENGINES There are various types and designs of marine diesel engines, mainly regarding the following features:

Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder head Cylinder head Fuel injector Fuel injector Exhaust valve gear Exhaust valve gear Turbocharger Turbocharger Piston Piston Piston pin (Gudgeon pin) Piston pin (Gudgeon pin) Connecting rod Connecting rod Crosshead Crosshead Crankshaft Crankshaft Crankcase Crankcase Main bearings Main bearings Bedplate Bedplate Lube oil system Lube oil system Cooling water system Cooling water system

According to the action of the piston: Single-acting engine One side of the piston and one end of the cylinder are used to develop power Double-acting engine Both sides of the piston and both cylinder ends are used to develop power Opposed-piston engine Combustion occurs in the middle of the cylinder, between two pistons travelling in opposite directions

Considering the way the piston is attached to the upper end of the connecting rod:

According to the speed: Slow-speed engine runs below 200 revolutions per minute Medium-speed engine between rev/min High-speed engine above 750 rpm

According to the direction of rotation: Direct-reversible engine designed to rotate in either the clockwise and anticlockwise direction Non-reversible / Unidirectional engine not made to run in the opposite direction

With regard to the arrangement of the cylinders there are two designs: a)In-line engine / L-engine cylinders are placed vertically in line b) V-engine / Vee engine cylinders are placed at angles in two separate planes or ‘banks’

In-line engine

Vee engine

According to the way the main engine is joined to the shafting: Direct-coupled engine coupled directly to the propeller shafting = direct drive Geared engine coupled to a reduction gearing (gearbox) = indirect drive

According to the cycle of operation: Two-stroke engine the cycle (injection – exhaust – scavenge – compression) is completed in two strokes of the piston or one revolution of the crankshaft Four-stroke engine the cycle is completed in four strokes of the piston or one revolution of the crankshaft

a)The diesel is defined as a compression ignition engine. What does it mean? b)What is a main engine and what an auxiliary? c)What do the terms direct drive and indirect drive refer to? d)How may engines be classed according to speed? e)What are undirectional engines?

The diesel engine is a type of external combustion engine where the fuel,which contains chemical energy, is burned in a special combustion chamber. In diesel engines combustion occurs in the cylinder either by compression or spark. High-speed engines are direct-drive engines. The pistons of single-acting engines have one end closed and one end open.

Diesel generators are directly reversible. Slow-speed engines allow direct coupling to the propeller shafting. The crosshead engine design reduces the engine height and the number of working parts. Rudolf Diesel was burried in Pula.