Cell Reproduction I. Introduction A. History

1. R. R. Brown, 1840’s, showed the existence of the nucleus or “brain of the cell” 2. W. W. Fleming 1860’s, dark staining threads appeared to “dance” in nucleus before new cells formed, outlined the steps of mitosis 3. A. A. Weismann in 1887 proposed meiosis for sex cells

II. Strategies A. Prokaryotes

1. Binary Fission or by 2. Endospore Formation Figure Figure 27.9

B. Eukaryotes

1. Asexual by mitosis a. Animals Advantage Disadvantage i. Fission Figure 27.9

ii. Budding Figure 13.2

iii. Fragmenting

b. Plants do runners, spore formation, or budding c. Fungi do budding or spore formation d. Protists are just weird

1. Sexual by mitosis Advantage Disadvantage a. Plants = alternation of generations

b. Fungi same strategy as plants c. Protists again weird d. Animals i. Parthenogenesis

ii. Hermaphrodite Figure 46.7

iii. Sequential Hermaphrodite Figure 46.4

iv. Monoecious vs. Dioecious

v. Polygyny vs. Polyandry

III. Cell Cycle A. Definition B. Stages

Figure Interphase a. Gap 1 (G1)(G1)b. Sc. Gap 2 (G2)(G2)

Figure Division a. Mitosis or Meiosisb. Cytokinesis

C. Controls

What could be a signal? 1. External a. Hormones Figure 12.17

b. Contact Inhibition Figure 12.18

2. Internal Figure a. Biological Clock

b. Cyclin & Kinases Figure 12.15

D. Cancer

1. Classification a. Benign Figure b. Malignantc. Metastatic

1. Classification

2. Types a. omas Oral Squamous cellMelanomaGlioma

IV. Mitosis A. Definition B. Phases

1. Prophase a. Condense Chromosomes Figure 12.4

1. Prophase b. Dismantle Nuclear Membrane Figure 12.6

1. Prophase c. Build Spindle Fibers Figure 12.6

2. Metaphase a. Line Up Sisters Figure 12.6 Figure 12.7

3. Anaphase a. Separate Sisters Figure 12.6Figure 12.8

4. Telophase a. Reverse Prophase Figure 12.6

V. Cytokinesis A. Definition B. Strategies

1. Animals a. Cleavage Furrow a. Cell Plate Figure Plants

VI. Meiosis A. Definition B. Terms

1. Karyotype Figure 13.3

2. Homologous Chromosomes Figure 13.4 a. Diploid b. Haploid

C. Phases

Figure Meiosis I

2. Meiosis II Figure 13.8

VII. Comparison

Figure 13.9

VIII. Variation from Meiosis A. Independent Assortment

Figure 13.10

B. Crossing Over

Figure 13.11

C. Random Fertilization

IX. Problems from Meiosis A. Nondisjunction

1. Whole chromosome Figure 15.12a a. Anaphase I

Figure 15.12b b. Anaphase II

B. Chromosomal Disruptions

1. Occurs when 2. Good or Bad? Figure 15.14

Choice is a gift, choose wisely.