YourDNASong accessed DNA Structure DNA Structure DNA Replication DNA Replication Transcription & Translation Transcription & Translation

author unknown address unknown accessed unknown A. Overview of DNA A. Overview of DNA B. Nucleotide Structure B. Nucleotide Structure C. The Double Helix C. The Double Helix Play

1. DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid a. hereditary material of the cell b. makes up genes which determine the traits of all living things c. located in the nucleus A. Overview of DNA author unknown address unknown accessed unknown

1. DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid a. hereditary material of the cell b. makes up genes which determine the traits of all living things c. located in the nucleus A. Overview of DNA author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Click

Play 1. DNA (polymer) is composed of four different nucleotides (monomers) 2. Each nucleotide has: a. phosphate group b. sugar (deoxyribose) c. one nitrogenous base 1) adenine, A 2) thymine, T 3) cytosine, C 4) guanine, G_ B. Nucleotide Structure author unknown address unknown accessed unknown

3. A single DNA strand is formed when nucleotides join together by covalent bonds a. bond forms between the phosphate group on one nucleotide and the sugar of another b. produces a repeating sugar-phosphate “backbone” c. nitrogenous bases are lined up 4. Two strands join together by hydrogen bonds_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown

3. A single DNA strand is formed when nucleotides join together by covalent bonds a. bond forms between the phosphate group on one nucleotide and the sugar of another b. produces a repeating sugar-phosphate “backbone” c. nitrogenous bases are lined up 4. Two strands join together by hydrogen bonds_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Play

1. The two strands of DNA twist to form a double helix which resembles a twisted ladder a. the sugar-phosphate “backbones” are on the outside of the molecule (forming the rails) b. complementary nitrogenous bases pair on the inside of the molecule 1) Adenine –Thymine 2) Thymine - Adenine 3) Cytosine – Guanine 4) Guanine - Cytosine_ C. The Double Helix author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Play

c. hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs form the rungs of the ladder d. the angle of the bonds causes the ladder to twist into the characteristic double helix shape_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown

c. hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs form the rungs of the ladder d. the angle of the bonds causes the ladder to twist into the characteristic double helix shape_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Theory of Knowledge, The story of the elucidation of the structure of DNA illustrates that cooperation and collaboration among scientists exists alongside competition between research groups. To what extent was Watson and Crick’s “discovery” of the three- dimensional structure of DNA dependent on the use of data generated by Rosalind Franklin that was shared without her knowledge or consent? Theory of Knowledge, The story of the elucidation of the structure of DNA illustrates that cooperation and collaboration among scientists exists alongside competition between research groups. To what extent was Watson and Crick’s “discovery” of the three- dimensional structure of DNA dependent on the use of data generated by Rosalind Franklin that was shared without her knowledge or consent?

c. hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs form the rungs of the ladder d. the angle of the bonds causes the ladder to twist into the characteristic double helix shape_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Theory of Knowledge, The story of the elucidation of the structure of DNA illustrates that cooperation and collaboration among scientists exists alongside competition between research groups. To what extent was Watson and Crick’s “discovery” of the three- dimensional structure of DNA dependent on the use of data generated by Rosalind Franklin that was shared without her knowledge or consent? Theory of Knowledge, The story of the elucidation of the structure of DNA illustrates that cooperation and collaboration among scientists exists alongside competition between research groups. To what extent was Watson and Crick’s “discovery” of the three- dimensional structure of DNA dependent on the use of data generated by Rosalind Franklin that was shared without her knowledge or consent? TOK author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Click

author unknown address unknown accessed unknown A. DNA Replication A. DNA Replication B. Conservation of DNA B. Conservation of DNA Play

A. DNA Replication 1. Replication is the process used to make a copy of DNA a. occurs prior to cell division_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Play

2. During DNA replication: a. the double helix unwinds and the two complementary strands separate (using the enzyme helicase) b. each strand acts as a template, indicating which nucleotide takes the position opposite_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown

c. loose nucleotides fill in the complementary strand 1) Adenine –Thymine 2) Thymine - Adenine 3) Cytosine – Guanine 4) Guanine - Cytosine d. the enzyme DNA polymerase catalyzes the formation of the bond between the phosphate group on one nucleotide and the sugar of another_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown

e. the two DNA molecules have formed are identical to one another_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown

1. Replication is said to be semi- conservative a. each daughter DNA molecule contains one parent strand and one new strand_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Play B. Conservation of DNA

A. From Gene to Protein A. From Gene to Protein B. RNA B. RNA C. Transcription C. Transcription D. Translation D. Translation author unknown address unknown accessed unknown ClickPlay

A. From Gene to Protein A. From Gene to Protein B. RNA B. RNA C. Transcription C. Transcription D. Translation D. Translation author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown author unknown address unknown accessed unknown ClickPlay

A. From Gene to Protein 1. For every gene (recipe) there is a protein (cake) a. one gene – one polypeptide 2. Proteins determine the appearance and functioning of the cell/organism 3. DNA  RNA  protein a. transcription b. translation_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Play TOK

A. From Gene to Protein 1. For every gene (recipe) there is a protein (cake) a. one gene – one polypeptide 2. Proteins determine the appearance and functioning of the cell/organism 3. DNA  RNA  protein a. transcription b. translation_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Play THE WAY IN WHICH THEORIES ARE MODIFIED AS RELATED EVIDENCE ACCUMULATES COULD BE DISCUSSED, AND WHETHER CONTRARY EVIDENCE SHOULD CAUSE A THEORY TO BE DISCARDED IMMEDIATELY IF THERE ARE EXCEPTIONS TO IT. WHERE A THEORY IS SUDDENLY AND TOTALLY ABANDONED, TO BE REPLACED BY A DIFFERENT THEORY, THIS IS KNOWN AS A PARADIGM SHIFT. Theory of Knowledge TOK

4. The genetic code consists of 3 letter codes called codons a. codon = triplet of bases b. each codon stands for a particular amino acid 5. The code is: a. degenerate- having more than one base triplet to code for one amino acid b. universal- found in all living organisms_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Play

B. RNA 1. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) differs from DNA: a. sugar (ribose) b. uracil replaces thymine c. single strand 2. Compare in the form a chart_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown

2. Types of RNA a. mRNA (message) copy of the recipe b. rRNA (ribosome) stove c. tRNA (transfer) utensils_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Play

C. Transcription 1. Transcription is the formation of an RNA strand complementary to the DNA a. RNA polymerase catalyses the reaction b. similar to DNA replication 2. The two strands of DNA separate, exposing a section of the nitrogen base sequence_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown

3. RNA polymerase binds to the transcribing strand of DNA and begins to add RNA nucleotides complimentary to the DNA template a. (DNA)-A with U-(RNA) b. (DNA)-T with A-(RNA) c. (DNA)-C with G-(RNA) d. (DNA)-G with C-(RNA)_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown

4. A single strand of RNA, messenger RNA or mRNA, is synthesized containing the information of one gene 5. DNA returns to the original state and the mRNA leaves nucleus_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Play

D. Translation 1. Translation is the process of converting the information of mRNA into a protein a. leads to polypeptide formation_ National Institute of General Medical Sciences accessed Play

2. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome (rRNA) a. the meeting place for mRNA and tRNA 3. mRNA contains the instructions for building the protein in the form of codons a. binds to the ribosome b. AUG is the code for start_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown

4. tRNA acts as the translator between nucleotides and amino acids a. transfers amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown

b. the anticodon of the tRNA pairs with codon of the mRNA via complimentary base pairing 1) A - U 2) U - A 3) C - G 4) G - C c. as each code word is read, an amino acids is added_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown

5. The process continues until a stop codon is reached a. UAA, UAG, or UGA are the codes for stop_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown

6. Protein is completed and the polypeptide chain is released_ author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Play