Measurement is the process of assigning numbers to quantities. It involves a quantity and a unit.

Measurement You are making a measurement when you  Check you weight  Read your watch  Take your temperature  Weigh a watermelon What kinds of measurements did you make today?

Where did it come from? Why 12 inches?

The King’s Foot One Foot

The King’s Foot One Foot Too big for some things...

...So they used the length of the King’s first knuckle One Inch

Why 12 inches not 10 or 13? Simply because it took 12 lengths of his first knuckle to equal his foot.

...So they used the length of the King’s first knuckle One Inch But that was too big for some other things...

...That’s exactly how they made inches. the fractions between the 1/21/4

...So they cut the inches into fractions 1/21/41/8and 1/16

You should have noticed that as the fractions got smaller, so did the length of the lines between the whole numbers. That helps to identify a half from the fourths and so on.

If you don’t remember what the fraction is just by looking at the ruler, you can always count the number of lines between the whole numbers. If there are 16, then your ruler is divided into sixteenths.

..then you can do the math to determine the fraction. If you counted 10 lines from the whole number, that would be 10 sixteenths. Here’s where that “magic number 2” comes in. To get the fraction to it’s lowest possible denominator DIVIDE both numbers in the fraction by 2 and keep doing it until the top number is odd. 10 = 5 Top number’s odd so 10/16 = 5/ If the fraction comes between two whole numbers like 1 and 2, then the measurement is the first whole number and the fraction in this case it would be 1 and 5/8ths

Name this measurement A.A. 1/2 B.B. 1/3 C.C. 1/4 D.D. 5/16

Name this measurement A.A. 3/4 B.B. 3/8 C.C. 1-3/4 D.D. 2-3/4

The Metric ruler is much different. Everything is based on 10 10mm (millimeters) = 1cm (centimeter) 100cm= 1m (meter) 1m = 100cm (cm = centimeter, cent means 100) 1m = 1000mm (mm = millimeter, mil means 1000)

The Metric Ruler

This is a magnified image of a ruler/meter stick. 1 This is half of a centimeter. 234

This is a magnified image of a ruler/meter stick. 1 This is one millimeter. 234

TWO SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT

ENGLISH SYSTEM

English Base Units For measuring length a yard is used and one yard = meters An inch is used for measuring the length of smaller objects and 1inch = 2.54 cm

English Base Units For measuring mass the pound is used and one pound = 0.45 kilograms

An ounce is used for measuring the mass of smaller objects and 1 ounce = grams. English Base Units

For measuring volume a gallon is used and 1 gallon = 3.78 liters

A fluid ounce (oz.) is used to measure the volume of smaller objects and 1 fluid ounce = 29.6 milliliters English Base Units

Metric System

The metric system is based on a base unit that corresponds to a certain kind of measurement Length = meter Volume = liter Weight (Mass) = gram Prefixes plus base units make up the metric system –Example: Centi + meter = Centimeter Kilo + liter = Kiloliter

Metric System The three prefixes that we will use the most are: –kilo –centi –milli kilo hectodeca Base Units meter gram liter deci centimilli

Metric System So if you needed to measure length you would choose meter as your base unit –Length of a tree branch 1.5 meters –Length of a room 5 meters –Length of a ball of twine stretched out 25 meters

Metric System But what if you need to measure a longer distance, like from your house to school? –Let’s say you live approximately 10 miles from school 10 miles = meters –16093 is a big number, but what if you could add a prefix onto the base unit to make it easier to manage: meters = kilometers (or 16.1 if rounded to 1 decimal place)

Metric System These prefixes are based on powers of 10. What does this mean? –From each prefix every “step” is either: 10 times larger or 10 times smaller –For example Centimeters are 10 times larger than millimeters 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters kilo hectodeca Base Units meter gram liter deci centimilli

Metric System –Centimeters are 10 times larger than millimeters so it takes more millimeters for the same length 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters Example not to scale 1 mm 1 cm

Metric System For each “step” to right, you are multiplying by 10 For example, let’s go from a base unit to centi 1 liter = 10 deciliters = 100 centiliters 2 grams = 20 decigrams = 200 centigrams kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli ( 1 x 10 = 10) = (10 x 10 = 100) (2 x 10 = 20) = (20 x 10 = 200)

Metric System An easy way to move within the metric system is by moving the decimal point one place for each “step” desired Example: change meters to centimeters 1 meter = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters or 1.00 meter = 10.0 decimeters = 100. centimeters kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli

Metric System Now let’s try our previous example from meters to kilometers: meters = decameters = hectometers = kilometers So for every “step” from the base unit to kilo, we moved the decimal 1 place to the left (the same direction as in the diagram below) kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli

Metric System If you move to the left in the diagram, move the decimal to the left If you move to the right in the diagram, move the decimal to the right kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli

Metric System Now let’s start from centimeters and convert to kilometers centimeters = 4 kilometers centimeters = kilometers kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli

Metric System Now let’s start from meters and convert to kilometers 4000 meters = 4 kilometers kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli Now let’s start from centimeters and convert to meters 4000 centimeters = 40 meters

Metric System Now let’s start from meters and convert to centimeters 5 meters = 500 centimeters kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli Now let’s start from kilometers and convert to meters.3 kilometers = 300 meters

Metric System Now let’s start from kilometers and convert to millimeters 4 kilometers = millimeters or 4 kilometers = 40 hectometers = 400 decameters = 4000 meters = decimeters = centimeters = millimeters kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli

Metric System Summary –Base units in the metric system are meter, liter, gram –Metric system is based on powers of 10 –For conversions within the metric system, each “step” is 1 decimal place to the right or left –Using the diagram below, converting to the right, moves the decimal to the right and vice versa kilo hectodeca meter liter gram deci centimilli

Systems of Measurement Why do we need a standardized system of measurement? –Scientific community is global. –An international “language” of measurement allows scientists to share, interpret, and compare experimental findings with other scientists, regardless of nationality or language barriers. By the 1700s, every country used its own system of weights and measures. England had three different systems just within its own borders!

Metric System & SI The first standardized system of measurement: the “Metric” system –Developed in France in 1791 –Named based on French word for “measure” –based on the decimal (powers of 10) Systeme International d'Unites (International System of Units) –Modernized version of the Metric System –Abbreviated by the letters SI. –Established in 1960, at the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures. –Units, definitions, and symbols were revised and simplified.

UNIT CONVERSIONS Quantities can be converted from one type of unit to another. This conversion may occur within the same system (metric or English) or between systems (metric to English or English to metric). Conversions cannot be made between measures of different properties, that is, mass units to length units for example. A method of unit conversion commonly used is called Dimensional Analysis or Unit Analysis. In this procedure, units are used to decide when to multiply or divide in order to obtain the correct answer.

FROM THE CONVERSION TABLE Perform the operations CANCEL UNITS TO LEAVE UNITS OF THE ANSWER

Dimensional/ Unit Analysis – metric to metric 1. How many meters are contained in 800cm? 800 cm  m 800 cm x 1 m = 800 = 8 m 100 cm How many Kg are there in 1200 g? 1200g  Kg 1200 g x 1Kg = 1200 = 1.2 Kg 1000 g 1000

Dimensional/Unit Analysis – English  metric 1. How many grams are contained in 25 lbs? 25 lbs  g 25 lbs x 1Kg x 1000g = lbs 1 Kg 2.2 = g 2. How many pounds are there in 75 Kg? 75Kg  lbs 75 Kg x 2.2 lbs = 165 lbs 1 Kg

* How many seconds are there in 90 minutes? 90 mins  secs 90 mins x 60 secs = 5400 secs 1 min

* How many minutes are there in 2 days and 6 hours? 2 days, 6 hrs  mins 2 days x 24 hrs = 48 hrs + 6 hrs = 54 hrs 1 day 54 hrs x 60 mins = mins 1 hr

Convert the following using Dimensional Analysis 1) 950 g  Kg 2) 112 lbs  g 3) 25 L  ml 4) 3.5Km  m 5) 2 days & 3 hours  min