Preclinical – Animal Study Enny Rohmawaty Department Pharmacology and Therapy Faculty of Medicine-UNPAD

Preclinical study/preclinical trial Preclinical trial - a laboratory test of a new drug or a new medical device, usually done on animal subjects, to see if the hoped-for treatment really works and if it is safe to test on humans.

Pre-Clinical Trials and Clinical Trials are the processes by which scientists test drugs and devices to see if they are SAFE and EFFECTIVE.

Experimental study In vitro and in vivo Animal models Pharmacodynamic study Toxicological study

PHARMACODYNAMIC STUDIES Effects / Efficacy Mechanism of action TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES Safety Spectrum

Pharmacodynamic study In vitro: tissue, cell culture, blood component, etc In vivo : whole animal Disease model : inflammatory, dislipidemi, sepsis, Ca/ malignancy, etc Source of methode (literature) : Guidelines, journal

Methodology of pharmacodynamic study ANIMALS : Rodent or non-rodent (may depend on desired effect) Healthy or diseased-animal model Sex : male and/or female Number : adequate for statistical analysis

Sample size determination: Studies Comparing Two Group Means To compute sample size for continuous variables, it is necessary to obtain an estimate of the population standard deviation of the variable (s) and the magnitude of the difference (d) the investigator wishes to detect, often called the effect. Sample size is given by where s is the standard deviation, d is the difference to be detected, and C is a constant dependent on the value of and selected. C can be determined from the table above, which gives values for C for two levels of and . Note that for 0.05 and 1- 0.9, C is 10.51 and 2C would be 21 Ralph B. Dell, Steve Holleran, R Ramakhakrishnan, Sample sice determination, 2002

Paired Studies Paired studies compare values before and after an intervention in the same animal. In this case, data are analyzed by a paired t test, and the sample size is computed by Ralph B. Dell, Steve Holleran, R Ramakhakrishnan, Sample sice determination, 2002

If the s, d and C cannot be determined  Federer’s Formula (t-1) (n-1) ≥ 15 t = number of treatment n = number of sample Federer WT. Experimental design, theory and application, 1967.

Data analysis Program : SPSS Normality and homogeneity test Quantitative and Qualitative test Post hoc analysis

Route of administration : Per Oral- similar to human use Dose : Based on Dose-Response Relationship One or more doses that provide a desired effect Dose conversion from human to animal may be used Calculation of ED50 Control group : Negative control Solvent / vehicle group Positive control Standard drug group To validate that a method works To obtain Relative Potency of drug candidate or herbal medicines

Toxicological studies IN VIVO TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES A. GENERAL TESTS SHORT TERM Acute Toxicity Test (LD50) LONG TERM: Sub Acute Test Sub Chronic Test Chronic Test B. LOCAL TOXICITY TEST Dermatological Preparation C. SPECIAL TOXICITY TESTS Mutagenicity Test Carcinogenicity Test Reproductive and Development Toxicity Test

Animal models Animal models are, at the best, analogous to human condition but no theory can be provided or refused by analogy. The truth is the evidence in animals can be a powerful device in support of virtually theory.

Basic Reason Using Animals For Research Why are animals necessary in research? Diseases process in human and animals have similarities Cell systems contain or manipulate only a part of the organ system. Computer models lack the complexities of living entity .

WMA DECLARATION OF HELSINKI (Tokyo 2004) BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR ALL MEDICAL RESEARCH - Medical research involving human subjects must conform to generally accepted scientific principles, be based on a thorough knowledge of the scientific literature, other relevant sources of information, and on adequate laboratory and, where appropriate, animal experimentation. - Appropriate caution must be exercised in the conduct of research which may effect the environment, and the welfare of animals used for research must be respected

3R principles (Russell dan Burch, 1959) Replacement Alternatifve methode lower class of animal model Reduction correct model genetic homogenity use healthy animal Refinement caring treatment non-invasive methode pain, stress, distress minimization

Five Freedoms = Animal welfare “The council believes that the welfare of an animal ... should be considered with reference to ‘Five Freedoms’. Freedom from hunger and thirst Freedom from discomfort Freedom from pain, injury and disease Freedom to express normal behaviour Freedom from fear and distress (Farm Animal Welfare Council UK, 1993)

Enrichment Devices for NHP Group housing when ever possible Enrichment devices for rodents: Igloo, nest etc. Nesting materials Human interactions Enrichment Devices for NHP

Natural Behavior of burrowing & hiding