THERMODYNAMICS Courtesy of lab-initio.com. Definitions #1 Energy: The capacity to do work or produce heat Potential Energy: Energy due to position or.

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THERMODYNAMICS Courtesy of lab-initio.com

Definitions #1 Energy: The capacity to do work or produce heat Potential Energy: Energy due to position or composition Kinetic Energy: Energy due to the motion of the object

Definitions #2 Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be converted between forms The First Law of Thermodynamics: The total energy content of the universe is constant

State Functions State Functions depend ONLY on the present state of the system ENERGY IS A STATE FUNCTION A person standing at the top of Mt. Everest has the same potential energy whether they got there by hiking up, or by falling down from a plane WORK IS NOT A STATE FUNCTION WHY NOT???

 E = q + w  E = change in internal energy of a system q = heat flowing into or out of the system -q if energy is leaving to the surroundings +q if energy is entering from the surroundings w = work done by, or on, the system -w if work is done by the system on the surroundings +w if work is done on the system by the surroundings

Work, Pressure, and Volume Expansion Compression +  V (increase) -  V (decrease) - w results+ w results E system decreases Work has been done by the system on the surroundings E system increases Work has been done on the system by the surroundings

Energy Change in Chemical Processes Endothermic: Reactions in which energy flows into the system as the reaction proceeds. + q system - q surroundings

Energy Change in Chemical Processes Exothermic: Reactions in which energy flows out of the system as the reaction proceeds. - q system + q surroundings

Calorimetry calorimeter The amount of heat absorbed or released during a physical or chemical change can be measured, usually by the change in temperature of a known quantity of water in a calorimeter.

Units for Measuring Heat Joule The Joule is the SI system unit for measuring heat: calorie The calorie is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 Celsius degree 1 BTU is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1  F

Specific Heat The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance by one degree Celsius.

Calculations Involving Specific Heat s = Specific Heat Capacity q = Heat lost or gained  T = Temperature change

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