AP BIO INTRO TO CELLS

Goals for the Day Distinguish between a prokaryote and a eukaryote, and draw the evolutionary tree of how they are related Be able to name the 3 parts of the cell theory

Question of the Day What is the typical size of a cell (generally)? Are there exceptions?

Draw the basic phylogeny of living things

Prokaryote or Eukaryote?

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

Animal Cell Model

Plant Cell Model

What are the characteristics of all cells? Common Cell Features Cell membrane-an outer boundary of the cell Cytoplasm-interior substance of the cell Cytoskeleton-structural support for the cell DNA –form of genetic material Ribosomes- cellular structures that make proteins

Fluid-Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane Surround cytoplasm; regulates what enters/leaves; semi-permeable; phospholipid bilayer

“cell water”; most cellular activities occur here; dissolve waste; universal solvent; fluid background of cell

Nucleus Double-membraned Contains DNA (chromosomes) Contains nucleolus makes RNA Contains nucleolus Makes ribosomes

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Studded with ribosomes (protein makers) Transport proteins throughout cell Very abundant in cells that make proteins

Smooth ER No ribosomes Usually transport lipids (like hormones) Abundant in glands

Golgi apparatus Package stuff to be secreted by cells Secretion “vesicles” Some vesicles may be LYSOSOMES Some may be filled with NT’s Often connected with ER and cell membrane

How things work together (Nucleus, RER, Ribosomes, Golgi, Cell Membrane)

Lysosome Lysosomes- small, spherical organelles that contain the cell’s digestive enzymes Function: Digestion & Recycling (The garbage man of the cell)

Structures of Plant Cells Plants have three unique structures that are not found in animal cells: Cell Wall Chloroplasts Central Vacuole

Cell Wall Provides Structure and Support Contains cellulose Allows the cell to build pressure

Central Vacuole Central Vacuole: Most of a plant cell’s volume is taken up by a large, membrane-bound space called the central vacuole. The central vacuole stores water and may contain ions, nutrients, and wastes.

Contractile Vacuole in Protists

Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis Double-membraned Light Energy -> Chemical Energy Double-membraned Stacks of thylakoids

Mitochondria Generate ATP from glucose Site of cellular respiration Double membraned—cristae

Mitochondria & Chloroplasts Unique features: Both are energy-related organelles Have two membranes Have their own DNA Reproduce independently of the cell

Endosymbiotic Theory

Endosymbiotic Theory

Endosymbiotic Theory If mitochondria and chloroplasts originally came from independent prokaryotes, what would be true of their DNA?

Endosymbiotic Theory

Cilia & Flagella What would be the function in 1 word?

Goals for the Day Become familiar with the cell organelles and their functions. Be able to describe the function of specific organelles, and which types of organisms have them (plants, animals both) (Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Both)

Question of the Day What is the typical size of a cell (generally)? Are there exceptions?

Your Organelles are on Facebook! Group Cell Wall Cell Membrane Ribosome Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi Body Nucleus Lysosome Central Vacuole Chloroplast Cilia Flagella Contractile Vacuole

Name That Cell Name a cell in which you would find: ……a lot of ribosomes. Explain ……a lot of lysosomes. Explain ……a lot of Golgi apparatus. Explain ……a lot of mitochondria. Explain ……very few mitochondria. Explain

Frosted Mini-Cells Glycocalyx --Cell Recognition --Self vs. Non-Self

Passive Transport WITH the Gradient NO ATP NEEDED!!! Diffusion Osmosis --hypo, hyper, isotonic --turgor pressure --cytolysis --plasmolysis Facilitated Diffusion (channel/carrier proteins)

Active Transport ATP NEEDED!!! Endocytosis --phagocytosis --pinocytosis Exocytosis Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis (LDL) Contractile Vacuoles (Protists)

Passive vs. Active Transport

Diffusion/Osmosis

The “tonics”

What is This?

Active Transport in Action

Endocytosis Mechanisms

Exocytosis