© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. THE HUMAN BODY Chapter 1

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Introduction Anatomy: the study of the structure of the body Physiology: the study of the function of the body parts Pathology: the study of the disease of the body

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Introduction (cont’d.) Basic reference systems –Directions, planes, cavities, structural units

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. TERMS OF DIRECTION

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Terms of Direction (cont’d.) Superior: uppermost or above Inferior: lowermost or below Anterior (or ventral): toward the front Posterior (or posterior): toward the back Cephalad (or cranial): toward the head

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Terms of Direction (cont’d.) Medial: nearest the midline of the body Lateral: toward the side or away from the midline of the body Proximal: nearest the point of attachment or origin Distal: away from the point of attachment or origin

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Terms of Direction (cont’d.)

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PLANES

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Planes (cont’d.) Midsagittal plane: divides the body through the midline into two equal left and right portions Sagittal plane: any plane parallel to the midsagittal or median plan vertically dividing the body into unequal right and left portions

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Planes (cont’d.) Horizontal (or transverse) plane: any plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions Frontal (or coronal) plane: divides the anterior and posterior portions of the body at right angles to the sagittal plane

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Planes (cont’d.)

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Animation – Body Planes Click Here to Play Body Planes Animation

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CAVITIES

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cavities (cont’d.) Dorsal –Cranial, spinal Ventral –Thoracic, abdominopelvic Parietal: walls of a cavity Visceral: covering on an organ

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cavities (cont’d.)

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. STRUCTURAL UNITS

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Structural Units (cont’d.) Cells –Smallest units of life –Perform all activities necessary to maintain life Metabolism, assimilation, digestion, excretion, reproduction

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Structural Units (cont’d.) Tissues –Made up of different types of cells –Epithelial: covers and protects –Connective: binds and supports other tissues –Muscle: movement –Nervous: connects sensory structures to motor structures

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Structural Units (cont’d.) Organs –Cells integrated into tissues –Serve a common function –Examples Liver Stomach System is a group of organs

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Structural Units (cont’d.) Integumentary system –Organs Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands –Functions Protection, insulation, regulation of water and temperature

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Structural Units (cont’d.) Skeletal system –Organs Bones, cartilage, membranous structures –Functions Movement, blood production, fat and mineral storage, protection

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Structural Units (cont’d.) Muscular system –Organs Muscles, fasciae, tendon sheaths, and bursae –Functions Movement, pushing food and blood, contracting heart

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Structural Units (cont’d.) Nervous system –Organs Brain, spinal cord, cranial and peripheral nerves, sensory and motor structures –Function Control and regulation, interpreting stimuli

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Structural Units (cont’d.) Endocrine system –Organs Endocrine glands –Function Works with nervous system to regulate chemical aspects of the body

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Structural Units (cont’d.) Cardiovascular system –Organs Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries –Function Transport substances to and from cells

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Structural Units (cont’d.) Lymphatic/immune system –Organs Lymph nodes, lymph vessels, thymus gland, spleen –Functions Drains tissues of excess fluids, transports fats, develops immunities

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Structural Units (cont’d.) Respiratory system –Organs Nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs –Function O 2 > CO 2 exchange in the blood

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Structural Units (cont’d.) Digestive system –Organs Alimentary canal: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus Associated glands: salivary, liver, pancreas –Functions Convert food into absorbable substances, eliminates wastes

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Structural Units (cont’d.) Urinary system –Organs Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra –Functions Chemical regulation of blood Formation and elimination of urine Maintenance of homeostasis

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Structural Units (cont’d.) Reproductive system –Organs Women: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina Men: testes, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, urethra –Functions Maintains sexual characteristics and perpetuates the species

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. HOMEOSTASIS

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Homeostasis (cont’d.) Maintenance of the body’s internal environment –Within varying narrow limits Negative feedback loop Examples –Blood sugar levels –Body temperature

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Homeostasis (cont’d.) Blood glucose –Levels rise dramatically after meal –Cells take in glucose –Pancreas secretes insulin Moves glucose into liver for storage as glycogen –Between meals, pancreas secretes glucagon Turns glycogen into glucose and returns it to blood –Thus, glucose levels remain nearly constant

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Homeostasis (cont’d.) Body temperature –Hypothalamus detects increase in body temperature –Causes sweating Water evaporates and body is cooled –Blood vessels dilate to bring blood near body surface

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Homeostasis (cont’d.) Body monitors deviations in homeostasis –Negative feedback loop Responses that revise disturbances to body’s condition –Positive feedback Increase in function in response to stimulus Uterine contractions during labor

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Homeostasis (cont’d.) Organ systems help control internal environment

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary Discussed the four basic reference systems of body organization (directions, planes, cavities, and structural units) Discussed organization of the body into different structural levels (cells, tissues, organs, systems, human organism)

© 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary (cont’d.) Discussed homeostasis and mechanisms for maintaining it