Putting together an outstanding field/lab write-up Lessons learned and examples

Abstract Do not include any citations in the abstract note: there are some publications that allow them, but not too many in science Be general first, then lead into your study – Talk about the parameters first – Then get into the study

Example - Abstract Water masses are large amounts of water that have the same origin and differentiate based on density, a factor of temperature and salinity. T-S diagrams can be used to explain a water mass phenomenon known as caballing, which is the mixing of two equal density water masses to yield a water mass with a higher density. The MATES Oceanography class conducted a laboratory experiment in the school lab on 17 December 2014 to simulate and relate caballing to open ocean applications. Five groups measured the density of tank water using a hydrometer, and then replicated the same density from fresh water and a slurry mix. After caballing water masses, the end water mass densities were significantly different than the starting mass densities. Caballing in open ocean occurs in unstable water masses.

Introduction Please be a bit more detailed when talking about parameters Include citations and use years as part of APA format (very important & something you need to learn) Never use more than two sources consecutively (you can use them more times but not more than twice consecutively!)

Methods The three sub-sections have been working – Study site – Procedure – Statistical Analysis Citations can be used if you use a methodology from a source

Results Please include some of your actual data (with ranges) “The results indicated significance in each trial with P-values ranging from to 3.53x The average velocities of fine particles in saltwater and freshwater are 4.80cm/s and 5.04cm/s respectively. The average velocities of coarse particles in freshwater and saltwater are cm/s and cm/s respectively. “

Graphs Please expand your captions and DO NOT USE “This graph shows…” Get to the point. Also, include UNITS for measurements mentioned and the DATES and LOCATION that the data were collected Examples…

Example of a Poor Label Figure 1: A graph of the average salinity from each method of testing

Example of a Well Written Label Figure 1: Mean salinity values (PPT) among each method of determining salinity (n=4) conducted at MATES on December 8, The YSI 85 multi-meter was used a baseline (control).

Introduction of the “n” For your final write-up, I want to introduce you to “n” – It tells how many items are being analyzed – It is important as it provides us with a basis for the strength of your numbers – It can be represented by an F value when running an ANOVA

Here is when “n” could be used… Figure 4. Frequency of nesting females (n = 25) and interclutch intervals (days) for five years of the study at North Sedge Island. Interclutch nesting frequencies ranged from 12 days to 33 days. Our data were collected for returning females with known nests.

The use of “n” versus “N” Lowercase “n” denotes the number of items, samples, sets of data being analyzed Uppercase “N” denotes the total, total population and total number of events that occur

What happened to error bar? Remember these are used when you take multiple readings and report an average Important to mention the use of error bars and what they denote in your figure caption! Please see the following examples…

Error Bars: There was an opportunity…

Error Bars: Used Here Figure 2: Volumes of carbon dioxide (mL) measured at different salinities (PPT) with standard errors (+ 5% ). Measurements were taken at MATES on November 25 and December 4, Freshwater reached saturation before most of the trials with salt water which was not the expected result.

Table 2. Using the gypsum blocks, the moisture retention capabilities were measured in kilopascals (kPa) for fine, medium, coarse, and very coarse sand. However, it was concluded that the data for the very coarse sand was skewed and inaccurate so it was omitted from the study. Figure 26. The changes in the moisture retention capabilities of the sand types were observed from January 6, 2015 to January 14, The R 2 values determined how well the data for each sand type fit their corresponding trend lines. The closer to one the R 2 is, the better the data fits the trendline; therefore, the fine sand fit the trendline the best.

Statistics Include P values where appropriate, but anything less than , please report as < Use only four places to the right of the decimal (for R squared and P values) Correlation vs. Significant Difference?

Proper Use of Stats In Graphs Figure 14. Hatching percentage (mean + 1SE) of reference nests at N. Sedge Island for the five years of the study ( %; n = 33). All nests were protected with predator exclusion devices throughout the study. ANOVA found no significant difference in hatching percentage among years (F 4,28 = 1.364, P = ).

Discussion Please explain why or why not your results happened the way they did. Please do not give all of the outcomes of your statistics (This was significant, this was not…), and then, no explanation Use citations!

Conclusion This is the take home message aspect of your report! “Based on the statistical analyses, the hypothesis that an increase in salinity and temperature leads to an increase in dissolved gas solubility cannot be supported. However, because of many potential errors and a small sample size, the results are definitely not conclusive. It is suggested that future studies use a long-term data collection period that produces a range of each variable to for the best possible chances of a significant correlation.”

Acknowledgements Please thank those that helped – Classmates – Reviewers – Drivers, support team – Any equipment use (where did it come from) – Parents (for projects or review with their assistance)

Bibliography Please cite all papers, manuals, personal communication that was used for your introduction, discussion and methods! Sverdrup, K. A., & Armbrust, E. V. (2009). The Sea Floor and Its Sediments. An introduction to the world's oceans (10th ed., pp ). Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill.