Providing Options for Philippine Agriculture BiotechnologyBiotechnology (Revised: June 2003)

WORLD from 6.05 billion to about 7.5 billion WORLD from 6.05 billion to about 7.5 billion PHILIPPINES from 82 million to 122 million PHILIPPINES from 82 million to 122 million Sources: ADB, POPCOM

world cereal production should increase by 50% To feed this population... Philippine rice production should increase from 12 to 18 M tons (40%)

deforestation overgrazing land conversion Agricultural resources are limited by... Source: FAO

we need better and more efficient ways to produce food With increasing demand for food and limiting resources... one option is through Biotechnology

Bio Bio - life Technology Technology - any technique or procedure to develop new products

Biotechnology - any technique that uses whole or part of a living thing to make new products, improve or develop plants, animals and other organisms for specific use

GE of animals GE to develop animal vaccines GE of biocontrol agents against plant pest & diseases Plant protoplast fusion Embryo transfer GE of plants GE to improve microorganisms Recombinant DNA for disease diagnostics Monoclonal anti body production Plant tissue culture Fermentation, Biofertilizers

Insulin for diabetes Interferon for treating cancer Hepatitis B vaccine

Using living organisms to clean the environment

Improved food quality and food processing Food biotechnology Better tasting More nutritious Cleaner food

Animal biotechnology Better breeds of livestock and poultry leaner meat more milk Vaccines

Crops biotechnology Varieties resistant to pests and diseases High yielding crops Improved postharvest qualities Tissue cultured planting materials Diagnostic kits

Genetic engineering Technique that transfers gene(s) of interest to develop and improve plants, animals and other organisms

- basic physical and functional units of heredity which carries information for the expression of a particular trait Gene

Conventional Breeding Wild RelativeCrop Plant Genetic Engineering Wild Relative Crop Plant

limited to exchanges between the same or very closely related species little or no guarantee of obtaining any particular gene combination from the millions of crosses generated undesirable genes can be transferred along with desirable genes take a long time to achieve desired results Conventional Breeding Genetic Engineering allows the direct transfer of one or just a few genes, between either closely or distantly related organisms crop improvement can be achieved in a shorter time compared to conventional breeding

Products developed through genetic engineering Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) = Transgenics

Global area by country 2001 & 2002 (millions of hectares) Country2001%2002%+/-% USA Argentina Canada China South Africa0.2 < Australia0.2 <10.1< India-- <0.1<1<0.1-- Romania<0.1 <1<0.1<1<0.1-- Spain<0.1 <1<0.1<1<0.1-- Uruguay<0.1 <1<0.1<1<0.1-- Mexico<0.1 <1<0.1<1<0.1-- Bulgaria<0.1 <1<0.1<1<0.1-- Indonesia<0.1 <1<0.1<1<0.1-- Colombia-- <0.1<1<0.1-- Honduras-- <0.1<1-- Germany<0.1 <1<0.1 <1<0.1-- Total % Source: Clive James, 2002

Global area by year Increase of 12%, 6.1 million hectares or 15 million acres between 2001 and Source: Clive James, 2002

Global area by crop 2001 and 2002: (million hectares) 2001%2002%+/-% Soybean Maize Cotton Canola Squash<0.1 <1<0.1 <1(- -)- Papaya<0.1 <1<0.1 <1(- -)- Total Source: Clive James, 2002

2001 and 2002: (million hectares) Source: Clive James, Total Developing Countries Industrial Countries Global area (Industrial vs. Developing)

Regulation of GM crops National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines (NCBP) Created by E.O. 430 in 1990 to review and monitor R&D involving GMOs for laboratory and contained evaluation of possible effects on the environment Department of Agriculture Issued A. O. No. 8 “Rules and Regulations for the Importation and Release into the Environment of Plant and Plant Products Derived from the Use of Modern Biotechnology”mandating: Bureau of Plant Industry to evaluate and monitor field tests of GM crops; process applications for limited field tests, propagation, delisting or for importation of GM crops Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority to evaluate and register GM crops pesticidal properties Bureau of Animal Industry to evaluate feed safety Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Product Standards to evaluate food safety DENR and DOH are also involved in biosafety and food safety assessments

Commercialization Corn resistant to Asiatic corn borer Field Test Rice resistant to bacterial blight Corn resistant to Asiatic corn borer

Greenhouse Papaya with delayed ripening trait Papaya resistant to ringspot virus Laboratory Mango with delayed ripening trait Rice resistant to tungro virus Vitamin A-enriched rice Banana resistant to bunchy top disease Coconut with higher amount of MCTs Sweet potato resistant to feathery mottle virus

Hence, biotechnology is a viable option Judicious and safe applications of biotechnology in agriculture and natural resources could increase farmer’s income, provide better and safer products to consumers and lessen dependence on chemicals destructive to the environment...

This biotech mentor’s kit is a collaborative project of DOST – PCARRD ISAAA SEARCA-BIC Biotechnology Providing Options for Philippine Agriculture Revised: June 2003