B IOMETRICS Akash Mudubagilu Arindam Gupta

O VERVIEW What is Biometrics? Why Biometrics? General Biometric System Different types of Biometrics Uses and Applications of Biometrics Challenges to Biometrics

W HAT IS BIOMETRICS ? Biometrics is the science of verifying and establishing the identity of an individual through physiological features or behavioral traits.

W HAT IS BIOMETRICS ? Physiological and Behavioral characteristics: Physiological: - Fingerprint - Face - Iris - Hand Geometry o Behavioral: - Voice - Keyboard strokes - Signature

W HY B IOMETRICS ? With numerous devices, traditional paradigm of user name and password based scenarios are not practical Only authorized users should have access to data and services Biometrics provide an unobtrusive and convenient authentication mechanism Advantages of biometrics Uniqueness No need to remember passwords or carry tokens Biometrics cannot be lost, stolen or forgotten More secure than a long password Solves repudiation problem Not susceptible to traditional dictionary attacks

G ENERAL BIOMETRIC SYSTEM Determine or authenticate identity Identification Systems: Who am I? Determine Identity Verification Systems: Am I who I claim to be? Authenticate Identity

G ENERAL BIOMETRIC S YSTEM Database Biometric Sensor Feature Extraction Biometric Sensor Feature Extraction Matching ID : 8809 Authentication Enrollment Result

D IFFERENT TYPES OF BIOMETRICS Fingerprint recognition Face recognition Iris recognition Hand geometry Voice Scan Keystroke Scan Signature Scan

F INGERPRINT RECOGNITION Measures unique characteristics in a fingerprint (minutiae) Crossover Core Bifurcations Ridge ending Island Delta Pore Advantages: multiple fingers, large database, proven technology Disadvantages: skin worn out due to age

F ACE RECOGNITION Uses off-the-shelf camera to measure the following facial features: Distance between the eyes Distance between the eyes and nose Angle of a cheek Slope of the nose Facial Temperatures Advantages: No contact required, cameras are common Disadvantages: Face can be obstructed, sensitive to changes in age, depends upon lighting and camera angle

I RIS RECOGNITION Measures unique characteristics of the Iris like ridges, furrows, striations Advantages: Iris is stable over lifetime, no contact is needed Disadvantages: Difficult for people having eye disorders, some people may find this technique somewhat obtrusive.

H AND GEOMETRY Measures the top and sides of the hand, not the palm, contrary to the popular belief Measures the finger lengths, widths, curves Advantages: Easy to capture, widely used for physical access, stable over lifetime Disadvantages: Not sufficiently distinctive over a large population, so not very accurate

V OICE SCAN Measures the sound wave Factors: pitch, intensity, quality and durations of human speech. user talks to a microphone a passphrase. voice print is compared to a previous one Advantages: Easy to implement wherever there is a telephone in use Disadvantages: High variability in an individual’s voice, background noise

K EYSTROKE SCAN Keystroke scan: Measures the time between strokes and duration of key pressed. Most commonly used in systems where keyboard is already being used.

S IGNATURE SCAN Signature scan: Measures speed, pressure, stroke order an image of signature. Non-repudiation Mainly used for verification However forgers could forge it with some training

U SES AND APPLICATIONS OF BIOMETRICS Government and law enforcement Forensic applications Commercial applications

G OVERNMENT APPLICATIONS Passport control Border Control Access control to government systems

F ORENSIC APPLICATIONS Criminal investigations Corpse identification Missing person identification

C OMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS Computer login to different systems Secure banking Employee verification Electronic payment ATM Record protection

C HALLENGES TO BIOMETRICS Informational privacy concerns: Misuse Addressed by: System Design Careful Audit Personal privacy concerns cultural or religious beliefs

REFERENCES Jain, Anil K., Arun Ross, and Salil Prabhakar. "An Introduction to Biometric Recognition." IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 14.1 (2004): IEEE Xplore. Web. 5 Dec