UNIT 9 Computer architecture Ies Arabuleila Dto Tecnología Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero

Computer architecture Hardware and Software Hardware the physical, tangible parts of a computer keyboard, monitor, disks, wires, chips, etc. Software programs and data a program is a series of instructions A computer requires both hardware and software Each is essentially useless without the other Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 4/19/2017

Computer architecture All computers, meet the same structure Input / Output Devices introduce or show results It stores the Information Monitor Keyboard Main Memory Central Processing Unit CPU Process the data. Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 4/19/2017

Computer architecture Digital Information The smaller data handling computers is the bit. Information units 1byte (B) = 8 bits e.g.(00110001) 1kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes 1megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB 1gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB 1terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB In some way, all information is digitized - broken down into pieces and represented as numbers Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 4/19/2017

Computer architecture For example, every character is stored as a number, including spaces, digits, and punctuation. Corresponding upper and lower case letters are separate characters. For exemple the word hello is stored h → 10410 = 011010002 e → 10110 = 011001012 l → 10810 = 011011002 o→ 11110 = 011011112 Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 4/19/2017

Computer architecture CPU and Main Memory Chip that executes program commands Intel Pentium 4 Sun ultraSPARC III Central Processing Unit Main Memory Primary storage area for programs and data that are in active use Synonymous with RAM Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 9/23/2009

Secondary Memory Devices Computer architecture Secondary Memory Devices Secondary memory devices provide long-term storage Information is moved between main memory and secondary memory as needed Central Processing Unit Main Memory Hard disks Floppy disks ZIP disks Writable CDs Writable DVDs Tapes Floppy Disk Hard Disk Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 4/19/2017

Computer architecture Input / Output Devices Monitor Keyboard I/O devices facilitate user interaction Central Processing Unit Main Memory Monitor screen Keyboard Mouse Joystick Bar code scanner Touch screen Floppy Disk Hard Disk Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 4/19/2017

Computer architecture System bus: Communicates, the above components. Inpunt/Output Devices Central Processing Unit Main Memory Bus Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 4/19/2017

Computer architecture Bus model Characteristic: Data bus: transmits information Address bus: transmits address Control bus: indicates the operation, that is needed doing Inpunt/Output Devices Main Memory Central Processing Unit SYSTEM BUS Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 4/19/2017

Computer architecture The inside of PC Storage units. Power supply. Expansion cards. RAM memory. Main board. Microprocesador. executes program commands. Chipset (control, input/output devices). BIOS It is a ROM memory, which contains the boot program. Connecting elements. Memory modules, expansion card, ports, drives…. Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 4/19/2017

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) Microprocessor system The Central Processing Unit (CPU) A CPU is on a chip called a microprocessor It continuously follows the fetch-decode-execute cycle: fetch Retrieve an instruction from main memory decode Determine what the instruction is execute Carry out the instruction Computer architecture - PartII D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 4/19/2017

The Central Processing Unit Microprocessor system The Central Processing Unit The CPU contains: Performs calculations and makes decisions Arithmetic / Logic Unit Coordinates processing steps Control Unit Small storage areas Registers Computer architecture - PartII D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 4/19/2017

The Central Processing Unit Microprocessor system The Central Processing Unit The speed of a CPU is controlled by the system clock The system clock generates an electronic pulse at regular intervals The pulses coordinate the activities of the CPU The speed is usually measured in gigahertz (GHz) Computer architecture - PartII D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 4/19/2017

Microprocessor system Main characteristics clock frequency. data size. number of transistors. power or energy consumed. operations per second. memory that can process. Computer architecture - PartII D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 4/19/2017

Microprocessor system microprocessors evolution Gordon Moore said in 1992, that the number of computers would double every two years Computer architecture - PartII D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 4/19/2017

MAIN MEMORY PARTIES OF THE MAIN MEMORY. RAM - Random Access Memory (direct access). Loads data and programs ROM –BIOS - Read-Only Memory (storage start program The terms RAM and main memory are basically interchangeable RAM-CMOS stores information about computer configuration. Cache memory, is faster, store data and instructions for immediate use Computer architecture - PartII D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 4/19/2017

Memory Meaning Pronunciation Main memory is volatile - stored information is lost if the electric power is removed. Main memory and disks are direct access devices - information can be reached directly The terms direct access and random access often are used interchangeably Both RAM and ROM are random (direct) access devices! RAM probably should be called Read-Write Memory Computer architecture - PartII D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 4/19/2017

A Computer Specification Consider the following specification for a personal computer: 2.8 GHz Pentium 4 Processor 512 MB RAM 80 GB Hard Disk 48x CD-RW / DVD-ROM Combo Drive 17” Video Display with 1280 x 1024 resolution 56 Kb/s Modem What does it all mean? Computer architecture - PartII D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 4/19/2017

Ies Arabuleila Cúllar Vega Dto Tecnología Computer architecture - PartII D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 4/19/2017