6.1 © 2003 by Prentice Hall 6 6 MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWAREASSETS Chapter

6.2 © 2003 by Prentice Hall What computer processing and storage capability does our organization need to handle its information and business transactions?What computer processing and storage capability does our organization need to handle its information and business transactions? What arrangement of computers and computer processing would best benefit our organization?What arrangement of computers and computer processing would best benefit our organization? What kinds of software and software tools do we need to run our business? What criteria should we use to select our software technology?What kinds of software and software tools do we need to run our business? What criteria should we use to select our software technology? Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets OBJECTIVES

6.3 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Of what new software technologies should we be aware? How would they benefit our organization?Of what new software technologies should we be aware? How would they benefit our organization? How should we acquire and manage the firm’s hardware and software assets?How should we acquire and manage the firm’s hardware and software assets? OBJECTIVES Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets

6.4 © 2003 by Prentice Hall The centralization versus decentralization debateThe centralization versus decentralization debate The application backlogThe application backlog MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets

6.5 © 2003 by Prentice Hall COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Hardware Components of a Computer System Figure 6-1

6.6 © 2003 by Prentice Hall COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets The Computer System bit Binary digitBinary digit Represents smallest unit of data in the form of either 0 or 1Represents smallest unit of data in the form of either 0 or 1byte String of bits, usually eightString of bits, usually eight Stores one number or characterStores one number or character

6.7 © 2003 by Prentice Hall COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Bits and Bytes Figure 6-2

6.8 © 2003 by Prentice Hall COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets The CPU and Primary Storage Central Processing Unit (CPU) Manipulates symbols, numbers, and lettersManipulates symbols, numbers, and letters Controls other parts of the computer systemControls other parts of the computer system

6.9 © 2003 by Prentice Hall COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets The CPU and Primary Storage Primary Storage Temporarily stores program instructionsTemporarily stores program instructions Data being used by the instructionsData being used by the instructions

6.10 © 2003 by Prentice Hall COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets The CPU and Primary Storage Figure 6-3

6.11 © 2003 by Prentice Hall COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Primary Storage Stores Software program being executedSoftware program being executed Operating system programsOperating system programs Data being used by programData being used by program

6.12 © 2003 by Prentice Hall COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU): performs the computer’s principal logic and arithmetic operationsArithmetic-logic unit (ALU): performs the computer’s principal logic and arithmetic operations Control Unit: coordinates and controls the other parts of the computer systemControl Unit: coordinates and controls the other parts of the computer system Primary Storage

6.13 © 2003 by Prentice Hall COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets RAM: Directly accesses any randomly chosen location in the same amount of timeRAM: Directly accesses any randomly chosen location in the same amount of time ROM: Semiconductor memory chips with program instructions, cannot be written toROM: Semiconductor memory chips with program instructions, cannot be written to Primary Storage

6.14 © 2003 by Prentice Hall COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Computer Processing Microprocessors and Processing Power Integrated circuit technologyIntegrated circuit technology Integrates the computer’s memory, logic, and control on a single chipIntegrates the computer’s memory, logic, and control on a single chip

6.15 © 2003 by Prentice Hall COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Computer Processing Parallel Processing Problem broken down into smaller partsProblem broken down into smaller parts Multiple instructions processed simultaneously with multiple processorsMultiple instructions processed simultaneously with multiple processors

6.16 © 2003 by Prentice Hall COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Sequential and Parallel Processing Figure 6-4

6.17 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Magnetic disk: Floppy disk, Hard diskMagnetic disk: Floppy disk, Hard disk Optical disks: CD-ROM, DVDsOptical disks: CD-ROM, DVDs Magnetic tape: Inexpensive, older secondary-storage mediumMagnetic tape: Inexpensive, older secondary-storage medium New storage alternatives: Storage Area Networks (SANs)New storage alternatives: Storage Area Networks (SANs) STORAGE, INPUT AND OUTPUT TECHNOLOGY Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Secondary Storage Technology

6.18 © 2003 by Prentice Hall STORAGE, INPUT AND OUTPUT TECHNOLOGY Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets A Storage Area Network (SAN) Figure 6-5

6.19 © 2003 by Prentice Hall STORAGE, INPUT AND OUTPUT TECHNOLOGY Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Input and Output Devices

6.20 © 2003 by Prentice Hall STORAGE, INPUT AND OUTPUT TECHNOLOGY Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Input and Output Devices

6.21 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Batch processing Transactions accumulated and stored until processingTransactions accumulated and stored until processing On-line processing Transactions are entered directly into computer and processed immediatelyTransactions are entered directly into computer and processed immediately STORAGE, INPUT AND OUTPUT TECHNOLOGY Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Batch and On-Line Input and Processing

6.22 © 2003 by Prentice Hall STORAGE, INPUT AND OUTPUT TECHNOLOGY Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets A Comparison of Batch and On-line Processing Figure 6-6

6.23 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Integrates two or more types of media into a computer-based applicationIntegrates two or more types of media into a computer-based application STORAGE, INPUT AND OUTPUT TECHNOLOGY Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Interactive Multimedia

6.24 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Mainframes: Largest computer, massive memory, rapid processing powerMainframes: Largest computer, massive memory, rapid processing power Midrange computers: Less powerful, less expensive, and smaller than a mainframeMidrange computers: Less powerful, less expensive, and smaller than a mainframe Server: Provides software and other resources to computers over a networkServer: Provides software and other resources to computers over a network CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Classifying Computers

6.25 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Minicomputers: Middle-range computer, used in universities, factories, or research laboratoriesMinicomputers: Middle-range computer, used in universities, factories, or research laboratories ServerFarm: Large group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor, available for electronic commerce and other activitiesServer Farm: Large group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor, available for electronic commerce and other activities CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Classifying Computers

6.26 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Personal Computer (PC): Small desktop or portable computerPersonal Computer (PC): Small desktop or portable computer Workstation: Desktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilitiesWorkstation: Desktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities Supercomputer: Highly sophisticated and powerful, performs complex computationsSupercomputer: Highly sophisticated and powerful, performs complex computations CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Classifying Computers

6.27 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Computer Networks and Client/Server Computing Distributed processing: Distribution of processing work among multiple computersDistributed processing: Distribution of processing work among multiple computers Centralized processing: Accomplished by one large central computerCentralized processing: Accomplished by one large central computer Client/server computing: Splits processing between “clients” and “servers” on networkClient/server computing: Splits processing between “clients” and “servers” on network Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS

6.28 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Client/Server Computing Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS Figure 6-7

6.29 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Types of Client/Server Computing Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS Figure 6-8

6.30 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Network Computers and Peer-to-Peer Computing Network computer (NC): Simplified desktop computer, does not store data permanentlyNetwork computer (NC): Simplified desktop computer, does not store data permanently Peer-to-peer computing: Distributed processing that links computers through Internet or private networksPeer-to-peer computing: Distributed processing that links computers through Internet or private networks Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS

6.31 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Software program: Series of statements or instructions to the computerSoftware program: Series of statements or instructions to the computer System software: Generalized programs, manages computer’s resourcesSystem software: Generalized programs, manages computer’s resources Application software : Programs written to perform functions specified by end usersApplication software : Programs written to perform functions specified by end users TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets

6.32 © 2003 by Prentice Hall TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets The Major Types of Software Figure 6-9

6.33 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Operating system System softwareSystem software Manages and controls computerManages and controls computer TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets System Software and PC Operating Systems

6.34 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Functions of the operating system Allocates and assigns system resourcesAllocates and assigns system resources Schedules use of computer resourcesSchedules use of computer resources Monitors computer system activitiesMonitors computer system activities Provides locations in primary memory for data and programsProvides locations in primary memory for data and programs Controls the input and output devicesControls the input and output devices TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets System Software and PC Operating Systems

6.35 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Multiprogramming Executes two or more programs concurrently using the same computerExecutes two or more programs concurrently using the same computer CPU executes only one program but services the input/output needs of othersCPU executes only one program but services the input/output needs of others TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets System Software and PC Operating Systems

6.36 © 2003 by Prentice Hall TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Single-Program Execution Versus Multiprogramming Figure 6-10

6.37 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Multitasking Multiprogramming capability of single- user operating systemsMultiprogramming capability of single- user operating systems Virtual Storage Handles programs more efficiently by dividing the programs into small fixed or variable lengthHandles programs more efficiently by dividing the programs into small fixed or variable length TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets System Software and PC Operating Systems

6.38 © 2003 by Prentice Hall TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Virtual Storage Figure 6-11

6.39 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Time Sharing Sharing of computer resources by many users simultaneouslySharing of computer resources by many users simultaneouslyMultiprocessing Executing two or more instructions simultaneously in a single computer using multiple central processing unitsExecuting two or more instructions simultaneously in a single computer using multiple central processing units TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets System Software and PC Operating Systems

6.40 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Language translation and utility software Translates high-level language programs into machine languageTranslates high-level language programs into machine language TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets System Software and PC Operating Systems

6.41 © 2003 by Prentice Hall GUIGUI Microsoft’s Windows 98Microsoft’s Windows 98 Windows Millennium Edition (Windows Me)Windows Millennium Edition (Windows Me) Windows 2000Windows 2000 TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets PC Operating Systems and Graphical User Interfaces

6.42 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Windows XPWindows XP UNIXUNIX LinuxLinux TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets PC Operating Systems and Graphical User Interfaces

6.43 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Programming languages: Consists of 1s and 0s of binary codeProgramming languages: Consists of 1s and 0s of binary code Assembly language: Resembles machine language, substitutes mnemonics for numeric codesAssembly language: Resembles machine language, substitutes mnemonics for numeric codes Third-generation languages: FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, and CThird-generation languages: FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, and C TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Application Software and Programming Languages

6.44 © 2003 by Prentice Hall TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Assembly language Figure 6-12

6.45 © 2003 by Prentice Hall TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets FORTRAN Figure 6-13

6.46 © 2003 by Prentice Hall TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets COBOL Figure 6-14

6.47 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Fourth-generation language: Employed directly by end usersFourth-generation language: Employed directly by end users Natural languages: Close to human languageNatural languages: Close to human language TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Fourth-Generation Languages and PC Software Tools

6.48 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Query languages: Provides immediate on-line answers to requestsQuery languages: Provides immediate on-line answers to requests Application software packages and PC software tools: Word Processing Software, Spreadsheets, Data Management SoftwareApplication software packages and PC software tools: Word Processing Software, Spreadsheets, Data Management Software TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Fourth-Generation Languages and PC Software Tools

6.49 © 2003 by Prentice Hall TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Spreadsheet Software Figure 6-16

6.50 © 2003 by Prentice Hall TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Data Management Software Figure 6-17

6.51 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Enterprise software Set of integrated modulesSet of integrated modules Allows data to be used by multiple functions and business processesAllows data to be used by multiple functions and business processes TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Software for Enterprise Integration: Enterprise Software and Middleware

6.52 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Middleware Allows two disparate applications to communicate to exchange dataAllows two disparate applications to communicate to exchange data Web server Manages requests for Web pages on the computer where they are storedManages requests for Web pages on the computer where they are stored TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Software for Enterprise Integration: Enterprise Software and Middleware

6.53 © 2003 by Prentice Hall TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Middleware Figure 6-18

6.54 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Enterprise application integration software Ties together multiple applications to support enterprise integrationTies together multiple applications to support enterprise integration TYPES OF SOFTWARE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Software for Enterprise Integration: Enterprise Software and Middleware

6.55 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Object-oriented programming Approach to software development that combines data and procedures into a single objectApproach to software development that combines data and procedures into a single object Visual programming Construction of software programs by selecting and arranging programming objectsConstruction of software programs by selecting and arranging programming objects CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Object-Oriented Programming

6.56 © 2003 by Prentice Hall CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Class, subclasses, and overriding Figure 6-19

6.57 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Programming languageProgramming language Delivers the software functionality needed for a particular taskDelivers the software functionality needed for a particular task Runs on any computer and operating systemRuns on any computer and operating system CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Java

6.58 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): Page description language, creates Web pages and other hypermedia documentsHypertext Markup Language (HTML): Page description language, creates Web pages and other hypermedia documents XML (eXtensible Markup Language): General-purpose language, supports links to multiple documents, used for both Web and non-Web applicationsXML (eXtensible Markup Language): General-purpose language, supports links to multiple documents, used for both Web and non-Web applications CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and XML

6.59 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Capacity planning: Process of predicting the computing powerCapacity planning: Process of predicting the computing power Scalability: Ability of a computer, product, or system to expand and to serve without breaking downScalability: Ability of a computer, product, or system to expand and to serve without breaking down HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Hardware Technology Requirements for Electronic Commerce and Digital Firm

6.60 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Designates the total cost of owning technology resourcesDesignates the total cost of owning technology resources Includes initial purchase costs, cost of hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support, and trainingIncludes initial purchase costs, cost of hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support, and training HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of Technology Assets

6.61 © 2003 by Prentice Hall On-Line storage service providers Third-party providerThird-party provider Rent out storage space to subscribers over the WebRent out storage space to subscribers over the Web Allow customers to store and access dataAllow customers to store and access data HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers

6.62 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Application Service Providers (ASPs) Provide software that can be rented by other companiesProvide software that can be rented by other companies Other Types of Service Providers Provide additional resources for helping organizations manage their technology assetsProvide additional resources for helping organizations manage their technology assets HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers

6.63 © 2003 by Prentice Hall 6 6 MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWAREASSETS Chapter