Canadian Citizenship Preparation Course Week 2

▪ Canada’s History ▪ The First Europeans ▪ The War of 1812 ▪ Confederation Topics

▪ Canada’s History

Aboriginal Peoples

Huron-Wendat of the Great LakesFarmers and hunters Iroquois CreeHunters gatherers Dee of the Northwest Aboriginal Groups ▪ Huron-Wendat of the Great Lakes Farmers and hunters ▪ Historic enemies of the Iroquois ▪ Fought against the French and made peace in 1701 ▪ Iroquois (confederation of Six First Nations) ▪ CreeHunters gatherers ▪ Dee of the Northwest ▪ SiouxNomadic/ buffalo hunters ▪ InuitLived in the Arctic Note: Warfare was common among Aboriginals as they competed for land, resources and prestige.

Arrival of Europeans (including traders, soldiers, and missionaries) ▪ Change in the first 200 years ▪ Death (spread of diseases; Aboriginals could not fight) ▪ Strong economic, religious and military links

▪ The First Europeans

Names to remember ▪ John Cabot ▪ James Wolfe ▪ Jacques Cartier ▪ Marquis de Montcalm ▪ Pierre de Monts ▪ Jean Talon ▪ Samuel de Champlain ▪ Count Frontenac ▪ Bishop Laval

First explorations ▪ European exploration started by John Cabot Cabot drew a map of Canada’s East Coast (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland)

Exploring a river, naming Canada ▪ Jacques Cartier -made three trips across the Atlantic -claimed lands for France, and -explored the Lawrence River, -set eyes on what is Quebec and Montreal cities, -heard “Kanata” (Iroquoian for village)

Royal New France ▪ first European settlement by the French (Pierre de Monts, Samuel de Champlain) in a) St. Croix Island- Maine, b) Port-Royal in Acadia- Nova Scotia ▪ 1608 Champlain - built a fortress (what is now Quebec City) -connected with the Algonquin, Montagnais, and Huron

Royal New France -The French and Aboriginals became partners in the fur-trade. -Jean Talon, Bishop Laval, and Count Frontenac were “outstanding leaders” who built a French empire in North America

Struggle for a new continent ▪ King Charles II of England granted the Hudson’s Bay Company exclusive trading rights -For a century this company competed with Montreal- based traders -The voyageurs and courers des bois formed alliances with First Nations -English colonies became richer and more populous than New France

Struggle for a new continent ▪ 1700’s -France and Great Britain fought for control of North America. ▪ The British defeated the French in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, Quebec City ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ end of France’s empire in America ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ -Brigadier James Talon and Marquis de Montcalm are important figures for both armies

The Province of Quebec -Following the war, the British renamed the colony the “Province of Quebec” aspx aspx

A tradition of accommodation ▪ Quebec Act of one of the constitutional foundations of Canada -to better govern the French Roman Catholic majority -allowed religious freedom for Catholics -permitted Catholics to hold public office (not allowed in Britain) -restored French civil law while maintain British criminal law

United Empire Loyalists ▪ British colonies to the south of Quebec declared independence forming the US -The Loyalists--- loyal to the Crown--- left the south to settle in Nova Scotia and Quebec -Joseph Brant led Loyalist Mohawk Indians into Canada -Black Loyalists came north too; in 1792, they moved to establish Freetown, Sierra Leone (West Africa), which was a new British colony for freed slaves

The Beginnings of Democracy ▪ 1758 First representative assembly elected in Halifax, Nova Scotia ▪ 1773 in Prince Edward Island ▪ 1785 New Brunswick

The Beginnings of Democracy (IMPORTANT) ▪ 1791 The Constitutional Act divided the Province of Quebec into: a) Upper Canada what is now Ontario; mainly Loyalist, Protestant & Anglophone b) Lower Canada what is now Quebec; heavily Catholic & Francophone ▪ The Constitutional Act granted: c) legislative assemblies elected by people d) the name Canada became official e) Atlantic colonies, Upper & Lower Canada were known as British North America

▪ The War of 1812

▪ The War of won+the+war+of+1812&FORM=VIRE3#view= detail&mid=36C2B2AE4410FA5B22C336C2B2A E4410FA5B22C3 +won+the+war+of+1812&FORM=VIRE3#view= detail&mid=36C2B2AE4410FA5B22C336C2B2A E4410FA5B22C3

Names to remember ▪ Chief Tecumseh ▪ Major General Sir Isaac Brock ▪ Lieutenant-Colonel Charles de Salaberry ▪ Laura Secord ▪ Lieutenant James FitzGibbon

- Current Canada-USA border is partly the result of the War of The border ensures that Canada would remain independent of the USA NOTE

▪ James Madison became US president ▪ The War of 1812 was known in the United States as "Mr. Madison's War” DETAILS

▪ The British Empire became very powerful after defeating Napoleon ▪ Americans felt uncomfortable at the British interference with their shipping ▪ The U.S. launched an invasion in June with the idea that it would be easy DETAILS

▪ Aboriginals led by Chief Tecumseh supported the British soldiers ▪ Major General Isaac Brock captured Detroit, but killed at Queenston Heights near Niagara Falls – battle U.S. lost ▪ Mostly French Canadiens led by Lieutenant-Colonel Charles de Salaberry, turned back 4, 000 American invaders at Chateauguay, south of Montreal DETAILS

1813- ▪ Americans burned Government House and the Parliament Building in York (what is now Toronto) ▪ The British burned the White House and other public buildings in Washington D.C. led by Major-General Robert Ross from Nova Scotia; Ross died in battle DETAILS

1815- ▪ The Treaty of Ghent negotiated on December 24, 1814, and ratified on February 16, 1815, finally ended the War. DETAILS

▪ Confederation

Responsible Government (IMPORTANT) ▪ Upper and Lower Canada were united as the Province of Canada ▪ The first British North American colony to get “full” responsible government was Nova Scotia.

Responsible Government (IMPORTANT) ▪ Sir Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine became the 1 st head of the responsible government (similar to a Prime Minister) -La Fontaine was pro-democracy and French language rights

Why Confederation? ▪ 1860 In the 1860s the British colonies were facing many different kinds of problems:

Why Confederation? ▪ Economic problems - In order for their economies to do well, the colonies needed to - be able to sell their goods to other markets. -At this time there were very few places that they could sell to. - -One solution was to bring all the colonies together. -In this way they could more easily sell their goods to each other.

Why Confederation? ▪ Political problems - The government of the Province of Canada did not run smoothly because the English-speaking and French-speaking halves had different ideas. -Leaders from both parts of the province decided that joining the other colonies might help solve their own political problems.

Why Confederation? ▪ Military problems - The relationship between the British North America and US had never been stable. -Many Americans wanted to take over all of what is now Canada. -Britain didn't want to have to pay for the cost of defending its colonies. -It encouraged the colonies to join together, because US would be less likely to attack Canada if it were a self-governing country rather than separate colonies of Britain. -The fear of the United States helped to strengthen the call for Confederation.

Why Confederation? Source e.html

Sources: Information was collected from Discover Canada Study Guide (2011); pages 14 to 19 Compiled by Joana Sotomayor

Canadian Citizenship Preparation Course Week 2